Guion Guy Bluford First African American In Space

Americas first African-American in space brought out crowds of people to watch as he embarked on a history-making flight to space on August 30, 1983. Guion Guy Bluford, Jr. often told people he didnt join NASA just to become the first black man to fly to orbit, but of course, that was part of his story. While it was a personal and social milestone, Bluford had in mind to be the best aerospace engineer he could be. His Air Force career gained him many hours of flight time, and his subsequent time at NASA took him to space four times, working with advanced systems on each trip. Bluford eventually retired to a career in aerospace that he still pursues. The Early Years Guion Guy Bluford, Jr. was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 22, 1942. His mother Lolita  was a special education teacher and his father, Guion Sr. was a mechanical engineer. TheBlufords encouraged all four of their sons to work hard and set their goals high.   Guion Blufords Education Guion  attended Overbrook Senior High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hes been described as shy in his youth. While there, a school counselor encouraged him to learn a trade, since he was not college material. Unlike other young African-American men of his time who were given similar advice, Guy ignored it and forged his own path. He graduated in 1960 and went on to excel in college. He received a bachelor of science degree in aerospace engineering from the Pennsylvania State University in 1964. He enrolled in ROTC and attended flight school. He earned his wings in 1966. Assigned to the 557th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam, Guion Bluford flew 144 combat missions, 65 over North Vietnam. After his service, Guy spent five years as a flight instructor at Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas. Returning to school, Guion Bluford earned a master of science degree with distinction in aerospace engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1974, followed by a doctor of philosophy in aerospace engineering with a minor in laser physics from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1978. Guion Blufords Experience as an Astronaut That year, he learned he was the 35 astronaut candidates selected from a field of more  10,000 applicants. He entered NASAs training program and became an astronaut in August 1979. He was in the same astronaut class as Ron McNair, the African-American astronaut who died in the Challenger explosion and Fred Gregory, who went on to become a NASA Deputy Administrator.   Guys first mission was STS-8 aboard the space shuttle Challenger, which launched from Kennedy Space Center on Aug. 30, 1983. This was Challenger’s third flight but the first mission with a night launch and night landing. It was also the eighth flight of any space shuttle, making it still very much a test flight for the program. With that flight, Guy became the countrys first African-American astronaut. After 98 orbits, the shuttle landed at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. on Sept. 5, 1983. Col. Bluford served on three more shuttle mission during his NASA career; STS 61-A (also aboard the Challenger, just months before its disastrous end), STS-39 (aboard Discovery), and STS-53 (also aboard Discovery). His primary role on the trips to space was as a mission specialist, working on satellite deployment, science and classified military experiments and payloads, and taking part in other aspects of the flights.   During his years at NASA, Guy continued his education, earning a masters in business administration from the University of Houston, Clear Lake, in 1987. Bluford retired from NASA and the Air Force in 1993. He now serves as vice president and general manager of the Science and Engineering Group, Aerospace Sector of Federal Data Corporation in Maryland. Bluford has received many medals, awards, and accolades, and was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1997. He is registered as a distinguished alumnus of Penn State University ​and was made a member of the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame (in Florida) in 2010. He has spoken before many groups, especially young people, where he serves as a great role model for young men and women wishing to pursue careers in aerospace, science, and technology. At various times, Bluford  has pointed out that he felt great responsibility during his Air Force and NASA years of being an important role model, especially for othe r African-American youth. On a lighter note, Guy Bluford made a Hollywood appearance in a cameo during a music track for the movie Men in Black, II.  Ã‚   Guy married Linda Tull in 1964. They have 2 children: Guion III and James.

The Deal Made Between The Devil And Dr. Faustus Was Sprouted

The deal made between the devil and Dr. Faustus was sprouted by Faustus’ inability to believe God loved him and his rejection of all Christian values. Faustus assumes he can control the devil, but no one can resist being corrupted by the devil and the powers he has. Although Faustus had numerous opportunities to turn back and seek redemption, he was dominated by his desire to know and learn beyond his boundaries. The deal truly isn’t beneficial for Faustus after considering the exact nature of their agreement and he was cautioned against the bargain, showing him the fate that a deal with the devil will never get you the rewards you’re looking for. While Faustus had many important goals he would achieve with magical powers, his deal with†¦show more content†¦While Faustus demands power, Mephostophilis is miserable in hell and wants Faustus s soul where the two make an unfair bargain. Before Doctor Faustus writes the contract for the deal, in his own blood , Mephostophilis gives him his last chance to change his mind, which is when Faustus decides to continue with the deal. After the contract is written, Faustus asks Mephostophilis to bring him a wife, wealth and super powers. While Faustus believes that Mephostophilis will be his servant for the next 24 years before selling his soul, it soon becomes known that it is Faustus who is the servant to Lucifer and his devil friends. Faustus believes that he will come out on top in the deal even if it means eternal punishment in the end. He puts his temporary pleasures before his fate which shows how impatient and unhappy he really is. Even when God reaches out to Faustus through the ‘Good Angel’, Faustus puts all his trust into Lucifer. He says, â€Å"When Mephostophilis shall stand by me, What God can hurt thee, Faustus? Thou art safe† (Act 1 Scene 5. Lines 24-25). Faustus clearly does not value his own soul and does not reflect on why the devil would want it. Dr. Faustus is deceived about what making a deal with the devil will encompass. He tells Mephostophilis, â€Å"Had I as many souls as there be stars, I’d give them all for Mephostophilis. By him I’ll be great emperor of the world† (Act 1 Scene 3. Lines 101-103). When

Resistance to Change Implementation Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Resistance to Change Implementation. Answer: Introduction: Change management is the most popular topic that is debatable these days. This is because bringing change and managing the same is very difficult for the managers of the organisations. One of the major reasons for this difficulty is resistance to change (Hayes, 2014). This is the essay that discusses about the resistance that obstructs the change implementation in the organisation. It also focuses on understanding the managers perspective regarding this problem so that various strategies can be made by the managers to overcome the problem. The later part of the essay is about power and resistance concept followed with ethical issues related to the same. What is resistance to change? Resistance to change can be defined as the action which is the response of the unwanted change experienced by any of the individual. It is generally the response when the change that is coming is perceived to be as the threat. Changes need to be implemented now and then because of the requirement of the market and to bring innovation in the companys processes (Doppelt, 2017). The change in the company affects its employees and their working environment. This may be one of the reasons why the employees resist the changes in the organisation. When any of the change is being implemented, the employees have to adapt those changes and also have to develop new skills which may reduce their efficiency to perform (Lozano, 2013). There are many cause of resistance to change by the individuals at the workplace. One of the causes is reluctance to lose control. Most of the leaders or the employees at the workplace resist the changes because they think that the changes that occur in the organisat ion can take away the control they have on their working style. Another reason for resistance of change by the employees at the organisation is cognitive rigidity. The people who are rigid and are close minded does not like to deal with the changes. It is the non-willingness of the people regarding the changes that has been implemented in the organisation. Other researchers suggest that change is the stressor and most of the people in the organisation perceive change as the activity that can put stress on the employees. This is the psychology of the people that controls their mind to neglect the changes occurred in the organisation also restrict them to participate in the change management process conducted in the organisations (Hanif, Khan Zaheer, 2014). Apple is the company that has brought many changes in its company but all the changes were successful. This is because of the right strategy to implement the changes. Apple usually believes in involving its employees to share thei r views in the decision making process. This helps the company to reduce resistance from the side of employees. Resistance to change as the problem for managers: It has been said that change is not the issue but resistance to change is the major problem for the managers. It has been analysed that when any of the change needs to be implemented in the organisation, it affects every single associated elements of the company (Cameron Green, 2015). One of those elements is the employees. it is very easy to bring the change the organisation by implementing the same with the particular standard process but if the implementation process have to face the resistance from one or the other elements of the organisation. Employees generally resist the change at the organisations because of the various reasons discussed above. The major issue at this time is to manage the same. This is because resistance to change results in managerial problems. One of the major problems that develop because of resistance to change is employee turnover. If the employees are not happy with the change that has been implemented than it may be possible that the employees leave job, as it becomes difficult for them to work in the company (Cronin McGuinness, 2014). This is because they are very much familiar with the environment and changes in that environment can affect their work. It also affects the job satisfaction of the employees working there. Managers have to implement new strategies to convince the employees to adapt those changes and also needs to conduct training and development session to build confidence in the employees to accept the changes. Identifying the reason behind the change is also a very big managerial issue. Different employees may have different reasons to resist the changes (Hon, Bloom Crant, 2014). Thus, identifying those reasons and making strategies to overcome the same is also a big challenge for the managers. It becomes very time consuming for the managers to deal with resistance to change by the employees. There are some other elements that can also resist the changes in the organisations such as shareholders, clients; pa rtner etc. managing all the stakeholders at the same time and convince them to support the change implementation in the organisation is the challenging task to perform. Power and resistance: Change that needs to be implemented in the organisation is influenced by many institutional powers. With the great influence of globalisation on the companies, it has been analysed that the levels of management is eliminated and organisations are becoming flattened. Thus, in organisational change process the power remains in the hands of top management people, change managers, consultants, employees and other interest groups (Starr, 2011). These groups have to perform the role of influencers who have to manage the change process in the organisations. It has been analysed that when the concept of power is integrated with the organisational change, it may lead to resistance very easily, this is because it involve power of one interest group over another (Waddell, Creed, Cummings Worley, 2013). This means that if the change is because of the power of the top management people, them the employees at the lower level or the managers can resist the changes and if the changes are under the control of the managers than other interest groups can resist the change. This is a very big issue at the time of making changes in the organisations (Burnes, 2015). There are different types of power that are there in the organisations that can generate different types of resistance. Position power is one of the forms of power that is because of the hierarchical structure of the company. The use of power in this sense results in domination. Actions taken by other interest groups against the position power leads to resistance and also results in illegitimate behaviour that is against organisational interests. Personal power is another form of power that can be used to bring changes in the organisation. It has been analysed that this follows the expert model of power to influence others (Roseneil, 2016). The expert of a particular field brings the change in the organisation and this leads to resistance by the line managers. In this case, resistance can be maintained or reduced by rop er communication of the vision behind the change. Another form of power that exists in the organisation is structural power.it is the power that is distributed all over the organisations in different departments. Every department has the power and the level of power changes as per the project on which they are working. It has been analysed that the influence in this case if from the department in high level of power at that time to the other departments. This generates conflicting resistance by other department of the organisation. It has been analysed that this resistance is the most important one to be reduced as this generates high conflicts in the organisation. Ethics in power and resistance: It has been analysed that when power come into the way of bringing change in the organisation, it has been realised that most of the conflicts arise in the company and affect the working environment of the company in negative way (Burnes, 2009). Many ethical issues like disrespecting of other people, ignorance of emotional view of the employees etc. develops in the organisation due to dominance of power at the time of implementing change in the company. Ethics has taken the central point of giving a thought because it is the major concern of the society and the organisations these days. When the change is being implemented in the organisation, it is not just the organisation that is affected by the change but it is whole society that experiences its impact. As far as ethics in the organisation is considered, it has been analysed that the major issue that generates is by the employees (Sonenshein, 2009). The employees have to face many challenges when the company has to develop or imp lement any kind of change in the company. Employees resist the changes when the change is not found to be in their benefits. There are many other stakeholders that can also raise questions on the power of top management people to bring the changes. Thus it is required to consider all at the time of making any kind of change. Another major ethical issue is the society issues. It is required to being the change in the manner that does not affect the society in negative way. The strategies that the company will use to make the changes should be ethical enough. As far as Apple is considered, it is the company hat uses the ethical approach of involving all the stakeholders at the time of making decision of brining any change in the company so that they can create the win-win situation for all. Managerial implications on effective change management: Managers play a major role at the time of making and implementing change in the company. Effective change management is required to be conducted s that the predicted results of change can be achieved. It has been analysed that Kurt-Lewin approach of managing change is being used by many of the companies including Apple to make changes so that effective results can be reached. It has been analysed that this approach can helps in bringing change in the company (Burnes, 2017). Following are the elements of Kurt Lewin change management theory: Unfreezing: Unfreezing is the approach in which the employees of the company unlearn the things that they have already learnt before and were working on that. This makes them raw and it becomes easy for them to learn new things (Cummings, Bridgman Brown, 2016). Transition: It is the crucial state where the actual change has been implemented. It has been analysed that it is the stage where the company trains the employees about the new things and the changes that needs to be implemented (Hussain, Lei, Akram, Haider, Hussain, Ali, 2016). Freezing: It is the stage where the employees have to start working as per the new guidelines and processes. It is time till when the employees get familiar with the new processes. Conclusion: It has been concluded from the report that change management is the crucial function in the organisation and requires effective managerial skills to conduct the same. It has ben analyse that change is not the problem for the company but the factors that resists those changes is the big issue. Resistance to change can be defined as the action which is the response of the unwanted change experienced by any of the individual. employees are one of the biggest factor that resist the changes in the organisation as their have to make so much of efforts in learning new skills and developing their knowledge as per the change. Identifying the reason behind the change is also a very big managerial issue. Different employees may have different reasons to resist the changes. Thus, identifying those reasons and making strategies to overcome the same is also a big challenge for the managers. Power and resistance is also an important element of resistance to change which needs to be managed in ethic al way to bring effective changes. Kurt Lewin approach is found to be the best approach in order to bring changes in the company. References: Burnes, B. (2009). Reflections: Ethics and organizational changeTime for a return to Lewinian values.Journal of Change Management,9(4), 359-381. Burnes, B. (2015). Understanding resistance to changebuilding on Coch and French.Journal of Change Management,15(2), 92-116. Burnes, B. (2017). Kurt Lewin: 18901947: The Practical Theorist.The Palgrave Handbook of Organizational Change Thinkers, 1-15. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Cronin, H., McGuinness, S. (2014). Examining the Relationship between employee Resistance to changes in job conditions and Wider Organisational Change: Evidence from Ireland. ESRI WP490. September 2014. Cummings, S., Bridgman, T., Brown, K. G. (2016). Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewins legacy for change management.human relations,69(1), 33-60. Doppelt, B. (2017).Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for business, government and civil society. Routledge. Hanif, M., Khan, Y. S., Zaheer, A. (2014). Impact of organizational resistance to change on BPR implementation: a case of state bank of Pakistan.European Journal of Business and Management,6(4), 186-196. Hayes, J. (2014).The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hon, A. H., Bloom, M., Crant, J. M. (2014). Overcoming resistance to change and enhancing creative performance.Journal of Management,40(3), 919-941. Hussain, S. T., Lei, S., Akram, T., Haider, M. J., Hussain, S. H., Ali, M. (2016). Kurt Lewin's process model for organizational change: The role of leadership and employee involvement: A critical review.Journal of Innovation Knowledge. Lozano, R. (2013). Are companies planning their organisational changes for corporate sustainability? An analysis of three case studies on resistance to change and their strategies to overcome it.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,20(5), 275-295. Roseneil, S. (2016).Transforming Politics: Power and Resistance. Springer. Sonenshein, S. (2009). Emergence of ethical issues during strategic change implementation.Organization Science,20(1), 223-239. Starr, K. (2011). Principals and the politics of resistance to change.Educational Management Administration Leadership,39(6), 646-660. Waddell, D., Creed, A., Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. (2013).Organisational change: Development and transformation. Cengage Learning.

Welfare Reform, Women and Globalization free essay sample

The realities behind government statistics for Welfare Reform. This paper looks at the realities behind the remarkable success story of the U.S. Welfare Reforms. The statistics show huge gains in employment and standard of living, but this paper shows that many of the improvements are temporary and not always correct in real terms i.e. U.S. median wage same as it was 27 years ago. Also discussed are race issues, how it is easier for whites to move out of welfare, whilst for ethnic minorities it can be seen as punitive. The paper contains many governmental figures and independent statistics showing alternative realities. From the paper: ?The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 looks like a smashing success: it has successfully reduced welfare rolls by more than half, and cut the number of welfare recipients from 4.6 million to 2.4 million in 1999. Many welfare recipients have left the system. Instead of receiving cash grants, parents had to learn skill sand enter the labor force. We will write a custom essay sample on Welfare Reform, Women and Globalization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also faced a five-year lifetime limit for welfare assistance. But numbers are never simple. The truth is that few are thriving in this new system. The numbers show success, but if one looks beneath the surface to find out if women have truly become self-sufficient, a different story emerges. In many ways, the welfare reform act is a broken promise. Women have not truly received help to access decent jobs, and have not gained economic independence.?

Compare & Contrast essay about technologies essays

Compare & Contrast essay about technologies essays Email, Cell phones, Internet, Television, Pagers, and Computers is the way of the future, or is it now trademarks of everyday life? Today in 2002 peoples lives seem so interconnected with the ways that technology has been able to bridge the gap in communications. Fifty years ago, you had limited options, sending mail from the post office (which today has been labeled "snail mail") or calling them. We now have a wide variety of communication devices accessible to us so that we are never out of touch. Multimedia, Television, and internet bring into our homes images of violence, sex, ideals, and everything that is out there in the world. One of the current issues that has been approached is "Is there to much information accessible to us?" Since we are overwhelmed with so much information, scenes of sex, violence, and also by ways of communication, we are slowly loosing the sensors of right and wrong, everything is becoming almost like a video game. Compared to fifty years ago, America today is facing a whole new set of problems that was not even a consideration or a thought of Americans of yesteryear. Morals, communication, societys beliefs, trends, value of life, and even workplace environments are worlds apart from our past, and all this within a short span of time. We do not reflect the utopia that people from 1952 may have imagined for us with flying cars, ray guns, and life in space. We are a generation caught up in the world of high speed information and instant everything, even instant life (cloning and genetic research). The world of communication is so egregious; we dont know what to do. From email, to computers, to chat rooms; its how people meet and interact with each other now. These so called Internet cafes" how does this affect people? Are people more open today about meeting people than they were 50 yea ...

What You Need to Know About Registering for the GRE

What You Need to Know About Registering for the GRE Prometric, the company that administers the GRE General Test, works hard to ensure you can take the test at a time thats convenient for you. Unlike the SAT, ACT or MCAT, there are no standardized national testing dates set in stone for the computer-based GRE. The testing times vary from city to city and country to country, so completing your GRE registration is a little more complicated. These GRE registration details are standard, though, so make sure you read and understand what you have to do. GRE Registration Facts First, take a dive into the  GRE fee information  before you get started, so you know exactly how much this bad boy is going to set you back. If youre taking the computer-based GRE, you  can register online, by phone (call 1-800-GRE-CALL) or by mail. If youre taking the  the paper-based GRE, then your options are to register by mail or online. You cant register online if you need a fee reduction, testing accommodations, Monday testing, or standby testing, so check into those if you have special circumstances. If you do complete your registration online,  youll receive immediate confirmation as well as an email confirmation. You can search by country, state, and city to find a testing location nearest to you and you  can also search within a three-month time frame to find a testing appointment time that would work for you and your busy schedule. Unlike the LSAT, there are many options both during the week and on the weekends to take the test so finding a time that works is pretty easy. As the GRE testing appointments are four hours long, you should take that into consideration if youre fitting this in around important dates.   GRE Registration Options You  are allowed to take the GRE a number of times, but there are some rules. You cannot take the GRE more than five times in any 12-month (not calendar year) period. And those administrations must be 21 days apart at the minimum. You may not exceed this number for any reason, even if you have chosen to cancel your GRE score   Acceptable ID for the GRE When you register for the test, youll be asked to provide an acceptable form of identification such as a passport with name, photo, and signature, drivers license with name, photo, and signature or military identification with name photo and signature. (Other forms of ID are acceptable, too, based on your country). Pay attention to the information on your ID when registering. Your registration entry must match your ID card exactly when you show up to test (except for accents), or you will not be allowed to sit for the exam. If you have questions because of your unique name, then check out the information from ETS regarding registering under those circumstances. Complete Your GRE Registration Ready to get started? Before you register, make sure you understand the test youre actually taking. Learn more about the  Revised GRE, along with details for the  GRE Verbal Reasoning Section  and the  GRE Quantitative Reasoning Section. Then, jump to the ETS website and complete your GRE registration today.

Management guru profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management guru profile - Essay Example The most unique ability of this management guru was to look at any given system or factory operations and give suggestions on how both the quality of the end product and the efficiency of the work could be improved. In fact, as one of the leading lights of the industrial age, he recognized that the people responsible for the management of a company have to cooperate with and consider the problems faced by the labor (Boddy, 2002). Taylor made it clear that without efficient planning or recognizing the problems of the workers, no management system could increase profitability. According to the system devised by Taylor, productivity could be improved if the right person was found for doing the right job and that the person was to be given increasing rewards for increased performance. His systems and thoughts got popular enough in his own lifetime that he became the first recognized management consultant. He helped several businesses increase productivity while reducing labor costs to the extent that work which was previously done by hundreds of workers could be done with a few dozen (Nelson, 1980). His most famous work, The Principles of Scientific Management was written to describe a system which could be easily applied to many different companies at the time. Its usefulness is still accepted today since his ideas about improving both the lives of the workers and the performance of a company continue to remain important considerations for management personnel. The modern fields of organizational psychology, organizational behavior and the scientific analysis of management techniques owe a lot to Taylor (Nelson, 1980). In conclusion, the values given by Fredrick Taylor can be summarized as a making a logical analysis, improving the production quality, reduced spending, better living conditions for workers, giving workers smart goals/feedback, supporting the

Economics of the UAE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics of the UAE - Research Paper Example km†¦..population of three million inhabitants in 2000† (202). However, out of the total population of the UAE, over half are non-nationals. With the discovery of oil, the economy of the United Arab Emirates was transformed from an unreliable economy that relied on agriculture, pearling, and fishing, to a high income economy based mainly on oil production. Although there were challenges and opportunities that came with the transformation of the United Arab Emirates economy, its government has succeed in utilizing the opportunities and confronting challenges. President Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates is working hard to maintain the economic progress that was established by the nation’s first president (Al-Abed, Hellyer, and Vine 71). The first president of the UAE established an economic reform and liberalization programme, which was high approved by principal international bodies. According to Al-Abed, Hellyer, and Vine, due to the development of the UAE oil sector, and growth in other sectors of the nation’s economy, there is continued advancement in the real Gross Domestic Product growth of the UAE (71). Liberal economic policies have helped in maintaining sustained economic growth in the UAE, and the UAE government continues to focus on these policies for future sustained growth. Apart from the oil industry, the UAE government has continued to pay attention to the shipping, tourism, media, financial and commercial services, industries, and the manufacturing sectors of the UAE economy that have contributed to economic growth in the emirates. The economic development of the United Arab Emirates began in the 1970’s. In 1989, the real GDP growth was 11%, standing at 33.7 billion US dollars (Federal Research Division 74). In 1991, crude oil production increased, consequently increasing oil and gas exports. The level of imports for

Chemistry of Anti-money Counterfeiting Technology Essay Example for Free

Chemistry of Anti-money Counterfeiting Technology Essay I. Abstract Counterfeiting money is a big business for criminals. Nearly $70 million of fake currency gets used daily, costing consumers millions. In the present day, there are many new technologies that have been discovered and studied in order to help put counterfeiters out of business. Our currency is something that we must protect, which is why these technologies and discoveries are very important in the safety and development of our economy. The new generation of Philippine banknotes includes new and more advanced technology to ensure the safety of the genuine Philippine banknotes. This is to prevent money counterfeiting in our country. These new features include more advanced photo editing, which features micro printing on the different images and texts on the banknotes, a unique rough texture, a new system of serial numbering, advanced security fibers and security threads, watermark technology, and optically variable ink. These are the most advanced and efficient methods of preventing money counterfeiting today. Provided in this paper is a detailed explanation and description of each security precaution and a detailed review of the methods used to execute them. II. Denominations of Currency The new generation Philippine banknotes composes of the denominations twenty, fifty, one hundred, two hundred, five hundred, and one thousand peso bills. The new twenty-piso bill honors President Manuel L. Quezon, the first President of the Republic of the Philippines on the front of the bill while the reverse shows the image of the breathtaking Banaue Rice Teraces and the Palm Civet from the Cordilleras. The fifty-piso bill commemorates President Sergio Osmeà ±a who led our country at the critical stage of World War II. The reverse shows an image of the Taal Lake, one of the world’s smallest active volcanoes and the Maliputo Fish. The one hundred-piso bill pays tribute to President Manuel Roxas who prioritized the crafting of the Central Bank charter then provided the leadership for the reconstruction of our country after the devastation of the Second World War. On the reverse, the near perfect cone-shaped Mayon Volcano and the Butanding or Whale Shark is also featured. The two hundred-piso bill features President Diosdado Macapagal who restored the celebration of Philippine independence on June 12. The reverse features the unique icon of Bohol, the Chocolate Hills and the Tarsier. The five hundred-piso bill is a salute to the champions of Philippine democracy, Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. and President Corazon Aquino. The reverse features the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park. Finally, the one thousand-piso bill features three of our war heroes, Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos, Josefa Llanes Escoda, and General Vicente P. Lim. The reverse features the Tubbataha Reefs National Marine Park and the world famous South Sea Pearl. Figure 1 The money denominations come in specific color schemes of orange for the twenty-piso bill, red for the fifty-piso bill, violet for the one hundred-piso bill, green for the two hundred-piso bill, yellow for the five hundred-piso bill, and blue for the one thousand-piso bill. III. Security Features The Philippine Banknote or the Philippine Peso Bill finds the need to be current with the use of new technology to enhance the security of banknotes to remain impossible to replicate by criminals. The new generation Philippine banknotes incorporates the latest available technology in banknote security. This is the reason that they have developed new designs and upgraded the security features of all our banknotes. A. Photo Editing The Central bank of the Philippines uses a special photo editing software to ensure specific prints that are impossible to copy by criminals. Some of these specifications include nano prints on the images, lines, and words on the banknotes. B. Texture The note is not smooth to the touch, but a bit rough. This is because the bank notes are made of 80% cotton and 20% Philippine Abaca. Aside from that, the raised prints that are embossing from the Intaglio printing process give the bill a unique tactile feel. Intaglio printing is a printing technique in which the image is incised into a surface. Normally, copper (Cu) or zinc (Zn) are used, and the incisions are created by etching ot engraving the image. In printing, the surface is covered in ink and then rubbed vigourously with tartalan cloth or newspaper to remove ink from the surface, leaving it in theincisions. The very sharp printing obtained from the intaglio process is hard to imitate by other means. Intaglio also allows for the creation of latent images, which are only visible when the document is viewed at a very shallow angle. Figure 2 C. Serial Numbers The serial numbers are composed of one or two prefix letters and six to seven digits in asymmetric or increasing size. Serial numbers are not difficult to forge; yet they make banknotes easier to track and audit. Figure 3 D. Security Fibers The paper used to print our currency has tiny threads of fibers embedded into the paper. These red and blue fibers glow under ultraviolet light. If the bill has no red and blue fibers that glow, then it is probably a fake bill. Fluorescent marks are the invisible phosphor dyes on banknotes that glow under UV or blacklight. This glow will be visible under a money detector device. There are two kinds of security fibers. The first one is the visible security fibers. These are easily seen in current Philippine banknotes as the blue and red fibers that are randomly spread throughout the front and back of the paper. The other kind is the invisible security fiber. These glow a fluorescent yellow under ultraviolet light. Genuine security fibers in Philippine banknotes can be easily plucked out (yes, try it!) with the aid of a needle. Counterfeit money usually only prints the fibers on paper, thus they cannot be plucked out. Figure 4 E. Watermarks The watermark shows a shadowed image of the portrait and the banknotes’ denomination on the blank space when viewed against the light from either side of the bill. This is possible due to paper density variations. Figure 5 The word â€Å"Pilipino†, written in our ancient Filipino alphabet, Baybayin, can be seen in its complete form when the banknote is viewed against the light. F. Concealed Value When the banknote is rotated at a 45-degree angle and tilted downwards, we can see the concealed denominational value super imposed on the smaller version of the portrait. Figure 7 G. Security Threads Both the twenty-piso and the fifty-piso have a 2mm wide security thread that can be visible when viewed against the light. The one hundred, two hundred, five hundred, and one thousand-piso bills have a 4mm wide stich-like security thread embedded on the bill and when viewed from different angles, its color changes from red to green. The embedded security thread is a special thread vertically implanted off center of the note during the manufacture of the banknote paper. The front of the thread carries a clear text – the initials of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and the numeric denomination of the bank note. The back of the thread is also printed with the initials BSP. There are two kinds of security threads. One is a thin aluminum (Al) coated and partly demutualized polyester film thread with microprinting, which is embedded in the security paper as banknote or passport paper. The other kind of security thread is the single or multicolor sewing thread made from cotton or synthetic fibers, mostly UV fluorescent, for the bookbinding of passport booklets. Figure 8 H. Optically Variable Device Patch The five hundred-piso bill and the one thousand-piso bill have the optically variable device patch, a reflective foil. For the five hundred-piso bill, it reveals the small BSP (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) logo and the blue parrot, while the one thousand-piso bill reveals the small BSP logo and the South Sea Pearl inside a clam. The patches change color from red to green when the note is rotated 90-degrees. Figure 9 I. Optically Variable Ink A security feature exclusive to the one thousand-piso note is the optically variable ink for the embossed denomination value on the lower right corner on the face of the banknote, which changes color from green to blue when it is viewed in different angles. Color changing inks are inks containing pearlescent pigments that change color when viewed at a different angle. The color of the ink does not actually change, but the angle of the light to the viewers eye changes and thus creates the change in color. A number of types are available, including green to purple, gold to green and green to lilac. Optically variable inks (OVI) are very expensive inks applied on banknotes as a security feature. So far, only the 1000 peso bills have this. There are two versions of OVI printing on the 1000 peso banknotes. This is an excellent security feature because counterfeiters will need a lot of effort and money to replicate it. They are called optically variable inks because tiny flakes of color-shifting film are incorporated in the intaglio ink. Thus, prints of OVI change color when viewed from different angles.

The Uplifting Tale of Today Will Be a Quiet Day Essay -- Today Will Be

The Uplifting Tale of Today Will Be a Quiet Day  Ã‚        Ã‚   Some readers see death, but when I read the story "Today Will Be a Quiet Day" by Amy Hempel, I find it to be a light hearted, first-hand account of people coping with transition. Even its location in the table of contents under the heading "Childhood and Adolescent" (Barnet), implies that the story is not about death at all. A newly defined family, one man, a boy and a girl, is faced with the aftermath of divorce and explore among themselves the intricacies of life. The story gives us sublime but keen insight into the transition and adjustments these three people make in this story. The children’s transition is marked by a rivalry, one that surfaces early on in the story and is portrayed through delightful banter and retorts. The children’s bantering relieves some stress created by the unknown tiny steps they are taking in establishing a new type of relationship with their father in the absence of their mother. At no time do the children’s harmless antics towards one another escalate as indicated by critic Tara Baker when she explains that their arguments become deeper than the usual childish bickering. Baker seems to believe the children’s digs into one another are being fueled by difficult situations they have had to deal with lately (170). Brian Motzenbecker supports my idea that the parents are divorced but finds symbolism in what the children discuss and the father’s "quips" (174). I can suggest to the contrary that these stories within the story are meaningful but not symbolic at all. The rapid succession of jumping from one topic to the next suggests to me that the need for conversation without a break is necessary. It keeps everyone from simultaneously t... ...d happily due to the father being able to encompass the entire day’s events into his affirmation. The natural resilience his children display is admirable and probably has much to do with how he and their mother raised them. They show a type of frustration that is both contained and civilized. They avoid expressing their emotions too much throughout the story. Their lives are continuing, and at this point I’m sure the children know that even their father is going to be "all right." Work Cited Baker, Tara. "Is Today Really Quiet?" Ode To Friendship Ed. Connie Bellamy. Virginia Beach: Gann Designs, 1997. Hemple, Amy. "Today Will Be a Quiet Day." Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. Motzenbecker, Brian. "Does It Spell Disaster?" Ode To Friendship. Ed. Connie Bellamy. Virginia Beach: Gann Designs, 1997.      

Experimental Molar Enthalpy of Neutralization for Sodium Hydroxide Solution Essay

1. For information regarding the problem, prediction, materials and procedure, please see attached Measurements Table for Molar Enthalpy of Neutralization for Sodium Hydroxide Solution Substance Instrument Used Measurement Sodium hydroxide 100mL graduated cylinder ( ±0.2mL) 50.0mL Sulfuric acid 100mL graduated cylinder ( ±0.2mL) 30.0mL Temperature of sodium hydroxide solution Thermometer ( ±0.2ËC) 26.0ËC Temperature of the sulfuric acid Thermometer ( ±0.2ËC) 24.0ËC Final temperature reached by solution Thermometer ( ±0.2ËC) 34.5ËC Initial and Final Temperatures of Solutions Temperature of sodium hydroxide solution ( ±0.2ËC) 26.0ËC Temperature of the sulfuric acid ( ±0.2ËC) 24.0ËC Final temperature reached by solution ( ±0.2ËC) 34.5ËC Neutralization Reaction Taking Place Pre-Lab Calculations – Volume of Sulfuric Acid Needed Average Initial Temperature of Solutions Calculation Experimental Molar Enthalpy of Neutralization for Sodium Hydroxide Solution Calculation Solution 1. The experimental molar enthalpy of neutralization for sodium hydroxide solution was found to be -64 ±3.3KJ/mol. Calculation of Uncertainties 34.5 ±0.2ËC – 25.0 ±0.2ËC =9.5 ±0.2ËC 50 ±0.2mL + 30 ±0.2mL =80 ±0.2mL 9.5  ± 0.4ËC = 4.210†¦% 80  ± 0.4mL = 0.5% 50  ± 0.2mL = 0.4% =5.11†¦% =5.1% Percent Difference Conclusion Through a pre-lab calculation the amount of sulfuric acid solution needed was found to be 30.0m ±0.2mL. Using this information, a calorimetric lab was conducted to find the molar enthalpy of neutralization for the sodium hydroxide solution. Through molar enthalpy calculations, the experimental molar enthalpy of neutralization for the sodium hydroxide solution was found to be -64.0 ±3.3KJ/mol; however, the theoretical (actual) molar enthalpy of neutralization for the sodium hydroxide solution is -57KJ/mol. In other words the experimental enthalpy change was -64.0 ±3.3KJ and the theoretical (actual) enthalpy change was -57KJ. This as a result produced a 12% difference. The various errors will be analyzed in the evaluation. Evaluation As discussed earlier in the conclusion, the experimental change in enthalpy is greater than the theoretical (actual) change in enthalpy. This result is quite rare. In general, a typical result for the experimental enthalpy change should yield an outcome lower than the theoretical (actual) value (the reason for this will be discussed later in the conclusion); however, this was not the case in this lab. There are a variety of reasons why the experimental enthalpy change for this lab was greater than the theoretical (actual) enthalpy change. In general, the main reason for the result seen in this lab is due to the nature of the calorimeter. Due to the fact the calorimeter is an isolated environment there is no possible method to determine when the reaction is complete. As a result, the reaction may have been occurring in a concentrated area. With an increased concentration of reactants in one area, the rate of the reaction increases along with the temperature in the concentrated area. When this heat transfers to the thermometer, it causes an increased change in enthalpy. Normally, the concentration of reactants would be less, as they are not in a concentrated area. This would then cause a lower temperature increase because there is a smaller chance the particles will collide. As a result, the change in enthalpy in a normal situation would be much lower than if the reactants were all concentrated in one area. In saying that, it is possible within this lab the reactants were concentrated in one area causing the experimental change in enthalpy to be quite large. Because it is impossible to see into the calorimeter to see if the reaction is concentrated or when the reaction is complete the reactants could easily have been concentrated in one area. Furthermore, by not knowing when the reaction is complete, the temperature might be measured too soon or too late causing inaccurate results. In general, because the calorimeter is an isolated environment it results in the experiment having many errors because how the reaction is occurring and when the reaction is finished is unknown. A way to eliminate this error is by inserting an electronic stirring rod to stir the reactants so they do not become concentrated in one area. Furthermore, another reason contributing to the large enthalpy change is the impurity of the substances used. As a result, because the substances are impure, they could have had a higher concentration of reactants. With a higher concentration of reactants, the reaction rate will increase and there will be a greater reaction than wanted. With a larger reaction at an increased rate, the final temperature of the solutions will spike higher than wanted generating a larger enthalpy change. As a result, this is a reason contributing to the large enthalpy change in this lab; however, this reason is not very significant as the substances cannot be so impure the concentration on the label is extremely different then the concentration found in the bottle (it is illegal to put false information on chemical substances). As a result, the impurity of the substances cannot account for all the errors in this lab. Purifying the substances beforehand can easily eliminate this source of error. Moving on, there is another reason contributing to the large enthalpy change. The theoretical (actual) value given is obtained at SATP conditions; however, when the following lab was conducted, the conditions were not at SATP. SATP conditions are at 100kPa and 25ËC. The conditions when the lab was conducted were at 101.9kPa and 25ËC. By increasing the pressure, the reaction rate is increased and more reactions take place. As a result of a larger quantity of reactions occurring at 101.9kPa than at the standard SATP conditions, there will be a greater change in enthalpy at 101.9kPa. This as a result, contributes to the large difference in enthalpy change seen in this lab; however, like the previous reason, this is not a significant factor in increasing the enthalpy change. The pressure differences are not extremely different to cause the enthalpy change to increase to as much as they have in this lab. As a result, this is only a small contributing factor. Conducting this lab at SATP conditions will eliminate this source of error. In general, the main reason for the larger enthalpy change is due to not being able to tell when the reaction is complete and how the reaction is occurring in the calorimeter. As mentioned earlier, the result in this lab is very rare. This is mainly due to the fact that the Styrofoam calorimeter used to conduct the calorimetric experiment most likely does not provide a perfectly sealed environment. A hole is needed to be made to insert the thermometer. And there were many holes between the lid of the calorimeter and the calorimeter itself. Due to this ineffectiveness of the Styrofoam calorimeter, some of the heat from the reaction would have escaped through the many holes causing a lower final temperature of the reaction and the experimental enthalpy change to be lower than the theoretical (actual) value. As a result, the experimental value is usually lower than the theoretical (actual) value. Another reason includes the fact that some of the heat released during the reaction would have been transferred to the calorimeter itself instead of transferring to the thermometer. As a result, when the calorimeter and/or glass of the thermometer absorb the heat, it causes the thermometer to absorb less heat than it should. The final temperature will then be lower than it should be causing a lower enthalpy change. Even though this is not a main reason why the experimental molar enthalpy should be lower than the actual molar enthalpy it still contributes to it. As a result, with the combination of these factors the experimental enthalpy change should be lower than the theoretical value because a lot of heat is able to escape into the calorimeter and into the air due to there being holes in the calorimeter.

Redken vs Wen

Staci Pritchett Eng 101-011 03/05/13 Try This Out Homework Assignment Redken products and Wen hair care system have some similarities . The both have products aimed for colored, oily, or dry hair. Redken is different from Wen because all of its hair cleaning products have sulfate in them ,whereas , Wen is sulfate free. Wen is different from Redken because it is a cleaning conditioner . Redken does not have any of their cleaning products as a cleansing conditioner.Redken has been a well known hair care company for the past fifty years . This hair care line has developed several products lines like the moisturing, fresh curls, and get it pump volumizing systems. Wen is a fairly new hair care line that was developed seventeen years ago. Wen has only a few products in it hair care line like the sweet almond mint, lavender, and pomegranate cleaning conditioner. Wen also only has one styling product and deep conditioner. Redken and Wen are both hair care lines.They have a cleansing system, deep conditioning, and styling products essay writer online. Redken and Wen hair care companies have both been around for many years. Not a lot of people know that Redken hair care was invented by an actress and her hairstylist. Wen was invented by a hairstylist that did hair for many years but was never happy with using salon products cause his clients hair still looked damaged and dry. So he decided to develop his own hair care line for his clients but eventually went worldwide with his products.

Brigadier General George S. Greene in the Civil War

Brigadier General George S. Greene in the Civil War George S. Greene - Early Life Career: The son of Caleb and Sarah Greene, George S. Greene was born at Apponaug, RI on May 6, 1801 and was a second cousin of American Revolution commander Major General Nathanael Greene.   Attending Wrentham Academy and a Latin school in Providence, Greene hoped to continue his education at Brown University, but was prevented from doing so due to a downturn in his familys finances resulting from the Embargo Act of 1807.   Moving to New York City as a teenager, he found work in a dry goods store.   While in this position, Greene met Major Sylvanus Thayer who was serving as superintendent of the United States  Military Academy. Impressing Thayer, Greene earned an appointment to West Point in 1819.   Entering the academy, he proved a gifted student.   Graduating second in the Class of 1823, Greene declined an assignment in the Corps of Engineers and instead accepted a commission as a second lieutenant in the 3rd US Artillery.   Rather than join the regiment, he received orders to remain at West Point to serve as an assistant professor of mathematics and engineering.   Staying in this post for four years, Greene taught Robert E. Lee during this period.   Moving through several garrison assignments over the next several years, he studied both law and medicine to ease the boredom of the peacetime military.   In 1836, Greene resigned his commission to pursue a career in civil engineering. George S. Greene - Prewar Years: Over the next two decades, Greene aided in the construction of several railroads and water systems.   Among his projects were the Croton Aqueduct reservoir in New Yorks Central Park and expanding the High Bridge over the Harlem River.   In 1852, Greene was one of twelve founders of the American Society of Civil Engineers and Architects.   Following the secession crisis in the wake of the election of 1860 and the beginning of the Civil War in April 1861, Greene decided to return to military service.   A devout believer in restoring the Union, he pursued a commission despite turning sixty  that May.   On January 18, 1862, Governor Edwin D. Morgan appointed Greene colonel of the 60th New York Infantry Regiment.   Though concerned about his age, Morgan made his decision based on Greenes earlier career  in the US Army. George S. Greene - Army of the Potomac: Serving in Maryland, Greenes regiment later shifted west to the Shenandoah Valley.   On April 28, 1862, he received a promotion to brigadier general and joined Major General Nathaniel P. Banks staff.   In this capacity, Greene took part in the Valley Campaign that May and June  which saw Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson inflict a series of defeats on Union troops.   Returning to the field later that summer, Greene  assumed command of a brigade in Brigadier General Christopher Augurs division in II Corps.   On August 9, his men performed well in the Battle of Cedar Mountain and mounted a tenacious defense despite being outnumbered by the enemy.   When Augur fell wounded in the fighting, Greene assumed command of the division.   For the next several weeks, Greene retained leadership of the division which was shifted into the newly-redesignated XII Corps.   On September 17, he advanced his men near the Dunker Church during the Battle of Antietam.   Launching a devastating attack, Greenes division achieved the deepest penetration of any attack against Jacksons lines.   Holding an advanced position, he was ultimately compelled to fall back.   Ordered to Harpers Ferry following the Union victory, Greene elected to take three weeks sick leave.   Returning to the army, he found that command of his division had been  given to Brigadier General John Geary who had recently recovered from wounds suffered at Cedar Mountain.   Though Greene possessed a stronger combat record, he was ordered to resume command of his former brigade.   Later that fall, his troops took part in skirmishing in northern Virginia and avoided the Battle of Fredericksburg in December.  Ã‚   In May 1863, Greenes men were exposed during the Battle of Chancellorsville when Major General Oliver O. Howards XI Corps collapsed following flank attack by Jackson.   Again, Greene directed a stubborn defense that employed a variety of field fortifications.   As the battle continued, he again assumed command of the division when Geary was wounded.   After the Union defeat, the Army of the Potomac pursued Lees Army of Northern Virginia north as the enemy invaded Maryland and Pennsylvania.   Late on  July 2, Greene played a key role at the Battle of Gettysburg when he defended Culps Hill from  Major General Edward Allegheny Johnsons division.   Threatened on his left flank, army commander Major General George G. Meade ordered XII Corps commander Major General Henry Slocum to send the bulk of his men south as reinforcements.   This left Culps Hill, which anchored the Union right, lightly protected.   Taking advantage of the ground, Greene directed his men to build fo rtifications.   This decision proved critical as his  men beat back repeated enemy assaults.   Greenes stand on Culps Hill prevented Confederate forces from reaching the Union supply line on the Baltimore Pike and striking the rear of Meades lines. George S. Greene - In the West: That fall, XI and XII Corps received orders to move west to aid Major General Ulysses S. Grant in relieving the siege of Chattanooga.   Serving under Major General Joseph Hooker, this combined force came under attack at the Battle of Wauhatchie on the night of October 28/29.   In the fighting, Greene was hit in face, breaking his jaw.   Placed on medical leave for six weeks, he continued to suffer from the wound.   Returning to the army, Greene served on light court-martial duty until January 1865.   Joining Major General William T. Shermans army in North Carolina, he initially volunteered on the staff of Major General Jacob D. Cox before assuming command of a brigade in the Third Division, XIV  Corps.   In this role, Greene took part in the capture of Raleigh and the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnstons army. George S. Greene - Later Life: With the end of the war, Greene returned to court-martial duty before leaving the army in 1866.   Resuming his career in  civil engineering, he served as chief engineer commissioner of the  Croton Aqueduct Department from 1867 to 1871 and later held the post of President of the American Society of Civil Engineers.   In the 1890s, Greene sought an engineer captains pension to aid his family after his death.   Though unable to obtain this, former Major General Daniel Sickles helped arranged a first lieutenants pension instead.   As a result, the ninety-three year-old Greene was briefly commissioned as a first lieutenant in 1894.   Greene died three years later on January 28, 1899, and was buried in the family cemetery in Warwick, RI. Selected Sources: Civil War Trust: General George Sears Greene at Culps HillLatin Library: George S. GreeneWarwick History: George S. Greene

Speed Dating Practice Conversation

Speed Dating Practice Conversation This lesson plan focuses on conversational practice to encourage English learners to use a wide variety of language functions such as demanding explanations, making complaints, giving warning, etc. The activity used is a variation on the popular practice of speed dating. In this exercise, students speed date each other to practice role plays calling for chunks or phrases used for each situation. This type of approach to teaching is based on the lexical approach or the chunks of language we tend to use to speak about certain situations. Speed Dating Lesson Plan Aim: Practicing a wide variety of language functions Activity: Speed Dating Role Play Level: Intermediate to Advanced Outline: Go through a variety of situations calling for specific language functions asking questions like:What would you do if your boss refused to give you a raise?How do you react when someone gives you a compliment?If someone asks you to a party, but you dont want to go, what do you say?Take time to review various language functions such as contrasting ideas, disagreeing, being vague, etc.Arrange the tables in your classroom so that students can change seats quickly. Assign half of your students to remain seated, the other half should move over one chair for each round.Give students the role-play sheet. Assign seated students role ​A or ​B and moving students the remaining role.Start the first speed dating role play. Let students role play the situation for one minute and then say stop.Ask the moving students to switch to the next partner. It helps if students move in one direction. For example, ask students to rotate in a clockwise manner.For the next round, ask students to switch roles i.e. seated students now take role B and moving students take role A. Continue on through the ten role-plays.As a class, discuss phrases used for the various situations. Take note of the helpful phrases and forms on the board for students to use in the next round.Ask students to create five or ten of their own short role-plays.Use the new situation role-plays to play another round of speed dating role-play. Example Speed Dating Role Plays A: Complain to the store manager that your food is cold and inedible.B: Respond to the complaint and explain that the dish the customer bought is supposed to be eaten cold, rather than heated.A: Invite your partner to a party next weekend and insist that he/she attends.B: Try to say no nicely. Be vague in making an excuse for not begin able to come.A: Youve been having difficulties finding a job. Ask your partner for help.B: Listen patiently and make suggestions based on questions you ask about your partners skills and experience.A: State your opinion about the benefits of globalization.B: Firmly disagree with your partner, pointing out various problems caused by globalization.A: Your child comes home after midnight on Tuesday night. Demand an explanation.B: Apologize, but explain why it was necessary for you to stay out so late.A: Explain the difficulties youve been having finding the restaurant Good Eats.B: Explain that Good Eats has closed. Find out what type of food your partner likes and make suggestions based on his / her response. A: Decide on a plan for Saturday with your partner.B: Disagree with most of your partners suggestions and counter with your own suggestions.A: Ask for information on an important political event. Keep asking questions even if your partner is unsure.B: You dont know anything about politics. However, your partner insists on your opinion. Make educated guesses.A: Your partner has just walked into your electronics store. Make suggestions on what he/she can buy.​B: Youd like to buy something at an electronics store.A: Ask your partner out on a date.B: Say no nicely. Try to not hurt his/her feelings.

Law of corporate governance question ( Criminalising corporate Essay

Law of corporate governance question ( Criminalising corporate governance failures is a step too far. Discuss ) - Essay Example To begin with, it was established in Salomon v. Salomon and Co. Ltd that a registered corporation is a legal person, separate from its members. This principle may be referred to as the veil of the incorporation. Therefore, the law will not evade this rule and go behind the separate personality of the corporation to the members.1 So many reason exist for corporate officials to hind behind the veil2; one which is to commit fraud, another many be to â€Å"confuse and conceal†3 But there are exceptions to the rule in Salomon’s Case where the veil is lifted, or pieced and the law disregards the corporate entity and pays regards instead to the economic realities behind the legal facade, that is, where the facts supersede form. The exceptions should however be classified between those provided by statute and those provided by law4 Why must the courts lift the veil of the corporation? The sole reason is because maintaining it will cause many problems to criminalize corporate go vernance failure. ... e personality to the individual members or ignores the separate personality of each company in favour of the economic entity constituted by a group of associated companies†6 The courts have adopted a more generalized approach based of the interest of justice as being the guiding light. Thus, Lord Denning M. R was prepared to lift the veil in Wallersteiner v. Moir7. Instead of relying in the interest of justice approach, the Court of Appeal in Adams v. Cape Industries plc8 had applied the test as stated by Lord Keith in Woolfson v. Strathclyde Regional Council9 that the veil would only be pieced where special circumstances exist indicating that it is a mare facade concealing the true facts. Therefore, there must be some improprietory before a veil can be lifted10 such as fraudulent trading11 or wrongful trading12. Instead of relying in the interest of justice approach, the Court of Appeal in the Adams case had applied the test as stated by Lord Reid in the Scottish case of Woolf son v. Strathclyde Regional Council above, that the veil would only be pieced where special circumstances exist indicating that there is a mere facade concealing the true facts. The case, like Adams concerned the issue as to whether a group of companies ought to be looked upon as a single company for the purposes of instituting legal proceedings. The court’s position is therefore even becoming clearer. There must and forever be some evidence of imporprietory. On the other hand, where the existence of some improprietory cannot be established, the courts will never lift the veil. Therefore, and in such cases, the company cannot be criminalized. This approach was taken by Toulson J in Yukong Line Ltd v. Rendsburg Investment Corporation13. A similar approach was also taken in the case of Ord v.

The Comfort Women of Nanking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Comfort Women of Nanking - Essay Example There are many evidences found in the literature archives that showed women were in the brothels army camp but none of these directly link the responsibility to the Japanese government. There were also photos found showing former comfort women, now in their 80’s standing in protest rallies. On the other hand, there are hard evidences on the part of the Japanese government that sustains their position of denial. On the basis of evidences, study concludes that the Japanese government did not violate any international law on armed conflict as rape is one of the atrocities of war. A recommendation on further study of the law on armed conflict is suggested to avoid recurrence of the situation in the future. The case of comfort women, once kept in secret and not discussed openly, has become a source of uncomfortable diplomatic relations with its affected Asian neighbors. After nearly 60 years of keeping quiet, and with the support of international groups, these women break their silence to demand recognition and payment for their sufferings. These ex-comfort women who are now on their eighties still believe that they deserve to be paid because of the agony they had experienced. In reply, the Japanese Government maintains its position of denial of responsibilities and remains steadfast in its response that it has met all its WWII responsibilities set in WWII treaties. This paper aims to provide an assessment of strategies mounted by the Japanese Government to contradict the claims of the ex-comfort women. I focus on the experiences of the women, particularly on the harrowing nightmares of the sexual abuses to draw an insight on the events referred to.

Malcolm X and Julius Caesar Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Malcolm X and Julius Caesar - Assignment Example His father, also called Gaius Julius Caesar, was governor of the province of Asia while his mother, Aurelia Cotta, was from an influential family (Fuller 9). He got the privileged education and as a child, under his father’s watchful eye he would drive a goat chariot, pretending to be a triumphant general, perhaps an early pointer to the triumphs that would later define his adult life. Rome was ruled by such families and from an early age, the young Caesar could have been indoctrinated with the idea that his role in life was to pursue the highest political ambitions and carry on the family name. Malcolm X – born Malcolm Little – on the other hand, was born into a family on the lower ranks of the socioeconomic spectrum. His mother, Louise Norton Little, was a housewife who spent her time taking care of the family’s eight children while his father was a Baptist pastor and civil rights protester. The young Malcolm, therefore, did not have a cozy childhood the which Caesar had. One begins to see how these two men would grow to embrace the causes and have the approaches to life around them that they had in their later lives – one seeking to conquer and the other seeking to be free. Events, however, begin to shape these two lives that started out so different towards a common destiny of greatness. Both Ceasar and Malcolm X grew up in turbulent environments. The background would help give them the steely determination and ruthless ambition which they would later use to advance their respective causes. Caesar’s formative years were a time of turmoil in the Roman Republic; there were several wars from 91 BC to 82 BC. Roman politics was highly polarized. Caesar’s father suddenly died when the young Caesar was in his teens and was forced to be head of the family. He needed a guide and someone to protect him, especially from the then dictator, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who did not like the Caesar family. He found this in the p erson of his distinguished uncle, Gaius Marius, who had achieved a position of immense importance in Roman politics and warfare. Marius was regarded as a champion of the underprivileged of Italy and with his guidance Caesar became a confident young man (Fuller 15). From around 82 BC to 80 BC, though, the dictator, Sulla, began to rid Rome of his enemies and Caesar was among the individuals targeted. Marius had died by now and Caesar was left vulnerable to Sulla’s reign of terror. The environment was so hostile, and he fled Rome to Asia Minor. Malcolm X, too, grew up in a particularly hostile environment. It was at a time when racial discrimination was at its height. His father’s civil rights activism encouraged death intimidation from the white supremacist group, Black Legion, making them migrate twice before Malcolm’s fourth birthday (Biography 1). It is noted in his biography on his official website that in 1929, Malcolm's family home in Michigan was burned by arsonists, and two years later â€Å"†¦Earl’s body was found lying across the town’s trolley tracks† (1). Malcolm and his other siblings were split up amongst various foster homes and orphanages. Hostility would remain with both Malcolm and Caesar even in their adult lives as public figures and eventually lead to their assassination.  Ã‚  

Representation of War in the Media

Representation of War in the Media CHAPTER III : CASE STUDIES â€Å"War is fought with the will of the government, competence of the armed forces and the support of the nation† Carl Von Clausewitz There is no doubt that the global reach and immediacy of the new media communications technologies and the ability to shape both national and international public opinion has made media a major player in limited conflicts. Such developments could be expected to significantly impact the way conflict is reported and debated by international community. Given the rapid progress and far reaching advances in communications over recent years, correct engagement with the media acts as a force multiplier for the commander on ground to achieve a more comprehensive success. On the other hand, the incorrect media engagement leads to loss of operational security and makes the task of the military commander much more difficult. The media representation of wars has significantly changed over last years. Previously being just an instrument of coverage and propaganda, now media are considered a competent weapon. The war of real objects is partially being replaced by the war of pictures and sounds, information war[1]. Now we shall examine few significant national and international conflicts, where the media extensively covered these operations by the Armed Forces. Some were a success story while others left much to be desired form the way the Armed Forces engage the media. The Gulf War Control of the media during the Gulf war followed the pattern that was established in the Falklands and refined in Grenada and Panama[2]. The pattern included secrecy in planning, demonisation of the enemy, exploitation of the media to enlist national and international support, and the exclusion of the media during the initial phases of the operation[3]. The resultant news vacuum was filled by official  coverage favourable to the military. Later criticisms were stonewalled. In the Gulf, the media were excluded from the planning stages of the initial deployment and the deliberations leading to the change of war aims from that of the defence of Saudi Arabia to offensive action in Kuwait. The demonisation of Saddam Hussein was used to rally national as well as international support and the media was immediately co-opted into these tasks[4]. The Gulf also demonstrated the familiar pattern of exclusion of the media from the early action, when both the military and the administration were most vulnerable[5]. Before the commencement of the hostilities, USA set up the Joint Information Bureau to handle the media from a base in Dhahran. Journalists were formed into pools or Media Reporting Teams (MRTs).Guidelines were instituted, concurrent with the arrival of the first pool of reporters[6]. Subsequent guidelines gave detailed instructions how the information could be gathered. All interviews could be conducted only in the presence of a military escort, all reports, photos and videos had to be cleared by a security review system before transmission. Beyond these measures, however, the Gulf campaign lent itself to complete media management through absolute control over the means of communication, transport and access. So powerful was this weaponry that there was no need for actual censorship[7]. Censorship was achieved primarily through denial of access and delay in transmission, backed a blanket decision not to allow media access to any event that was a strictly controlled. This was offset by a flow of favourable military sourced information to fill the vacuum created by media restriction. Material ranged from information provided at carefully controlled briefings which bypassed journalists on the spot. The combination of credibility afforded by the briefings and novelty of the new weaponry was enough to satisfy audiences[8]. The realities of war and any real analysis were foregone in favour of a politically  acceptable, sanitised war which showed nothing but success. It was evident too that  the military used the media not only to present its own policies in the best possible light, but to deceive and misinform the Iraqis. Both the administration and the military clearly benefited from this control. CNNs coverage of the 1991 Gulf War, when it became the worlds only instant chronicler of a major conflict, seemed only to confirm the formidable role played by Western news agencies in covering and framing international events. The impact of this kind of media coverage has been dubbed â€Å"the CNN effect,† referring to the widely available round-the-clock broadcasts of the Cable News Network[9]. Indeed, by the mid 1990s, some scholars and certain policymakers had come to the conclusion that CNN in particular was having a measurable impact on the way governments conduct world politics. This proactive engagement of media by the Pentagon ensured that the military remains immune from scrutiny but also garners the voter benefits for the politicians. The only caution is that this form of media containment or partial exclusion can only work for a limited period. If, as in Vietnam; and as may well have happened in the Gulf, such a limited conflict becomes protracted and involves high levels of casualties, then the ascendancy of the military may be challenged and broken as the global media brings to bear the full weight of its capacity for independent news gathering and communications. The 1991 Gulf war was the first televised war of the century wherein pictures of the night sky lit up with firing of weapons. Operation Desert Storm was the most widely and most swiftly reported war in history. In addition to being called the first â€Å"CNN War† this war also marked a turning point for the American’s view of that relationship. US demonstrated will and military potential to influence developing world in consonance of her policies.[10] The world saw the live footage of the 1991 Gulf war. CNN activities during the war were a classic example of the role that civil broadcasts and journalists can play in any future war. Media can be allowed selective access with a view to influencing the international opinion. The media enjoys the support of high technology equipment and access to credible media outlets. The CNN broadcasts provided useful inputs to put into operation diplomatic damage limitation operations to counter the fallout of adverse reports. The examp le at hand is the demonstration of her will and the military potential by the USA in influencing the world opinion, including engaging the media[11]. The first Iraqi war was totally covered by the media and the general opinion was that the media was focussing all their attention on the wars victory and retreating troops. Very few journalists looked after the Arabian people; in fact the Iraqi refugee problem was simply overlooked. In general, the media was very supportive of the American troops in the Persian Gulf. Though the reporting was positive, the coverage did not tell the absolute truth on the battle field. Journalists were more or less welcomed by the battalion commanders. The army was silent to â€Å"embedding† the media, while the Marine Corps was proactive and welcomed media attention. Public satisfaction with press coverage can be largely attributed to the increasing media savvy of the military leadership, who were able to successfully use news coverage to enhance the military’s image and win public support for its operations. General Schwarzkopf was a master at these press briefings. He analyzed the impor tance of the briefings and prepared himself mentally. He decided not to repeat the mistake made in Grenada, where the relations between media and the military had been eroded to an appalling state[12]. Kargil A Water Shed for Indian Media The Kargil conflict was India’s first real war of the information age and it was significant for the impact and the influence of the mass media on the public opinion of both the nation states[13]. During this operation, both the military and the media were interacting for the very first time in the backdrop of the technological advances made in the last two three decades or so. The Kargil news stories and war footage were often telecast live on the TV, while many websites provided in-depth analysis of the war. This conflict became the first live war in South Asia[14]. The Indian Army tried to implement the â€Å"pool† methodology of the Gulf war after consulting some reputed and esteemed media persons. There were daily briefings in Delhi through the operational staff and journalists were allowed to enter the war zone[15]. The site tours were discontinued after some time and media persons got total freedom to move around on their own except where their lives could be in danger. But unlike the Gulf war, there was to be no censoring of media reports and there was to be no deviation from the truth[16]. The military and the media did not indulge in any deliberate disinformation drive. But they effectively exposed Pakistan’s lies and disinformation tactics. The media for once highlighted defence requirements of weaponry and ammunition which otherwise do not get any significance for reporting in the normal sequence of events.[17]. The ‘Kargil War’, also brought into focus the significance of both the print and the electronic media[18]. The nation made a very clever use of the Internet and dedicated an exclusive Website www.vijayinkargil.com to show case the heroics of the Indian Army. Trained PR officers manned chat sites on the web to establish a real time inter face with the youths of the country for possibly the very first time. Television was able to invade the living rooms of the people to shape public opinion. The war received a human face because of the wide scale coverage of the war by the news channels like Aaj Tak, Zee News and NDTV Network. The media both Indian and overseas was predominantly compassionate to the Indian cause, with editorials in newspapers based in the west and other neutral countries observing that our western adversary was in principal answerable for the conflict[19]. Some analysts believe that Indian media, which was both larger in number and more credible, may have acted as a force multiplier for the Indian military operation in Kargil[20] and served as a morale booster. As the fighting intensified, the Pakistani version of events found little backing on the world stage. This helped India gain valuable diplomatic recognition for its position. Media reportage on Kargil converged around a single dramatic image of a nation at war. In the initial phase, news coverage was restrained on the logic of operational security. The Army permitted first media coverage on 15 May 1999. In Jun 1999, travel permits of press personnel were cancelled again quoting compromise of security. The failure of understanding was due to incorrect handling of media by army as well as character and content of reportage. There was a tendency to trivialise and sensationalise news by many sections of media. The semantics of reportage of certain events like return of six tortured bodies, led to a proliferation of exaggerated stories. However, media did not act as the force multiplier throughout. At crucial junctures, the over ecstatic media reported the crucial attack plans of the Indian army on the news in advance. This gave the all important operational intelligence to the adversary. The glaring example of this was the attack on Tiger Hill, where in after capture of Tiger Hill, the captured Pakistani troops revealed that they received the inputs about the Indian Army’s plans through the news channels. Also the telecast at times showed the location of the artillery gun bases, deployment areas and the logistic installations which was then suitably interpreted by the enemy to bring out effective fire on these locations. Mumbai Terrorist Attacks of 26/11 Medias reporting of terrorist activities is fast becoming critical in today’s scenario when no country is left untouched by terrorism. War on terrorism is a test for the Indian media. How much should be broadcast, whether broadcast of terrorist actions amounts to glorifying terrorism and violence and whether it incites people, creates new recruits and gives publicity to terrorists who seek to grab world attention are topics of debate across nations in the post 9/11 world. Similar debates have begun in India, more so after 26/11 Mumbai attacks. The well coordinated terror attack on Mumbai brings about essential lessons, both for the media as well as the Armed forces. The news media with a lack of understanding of where the medium can reach in such a situation, reported the move of National Security Guard (NSG) from Delhi to Mumbai being declared by the Home Minister[21]. There is increasing questioning of the medias conduct in the face of such attacks and more so after the live telecast of the 60 hour long Mumbai attacks. Concerned over the way many aspects of its operations got â€Å"jeopardized† due to live images being broadcast by TV during the 6- hour siege, the National Security Guard (NSG) pressed for restrictions on media coverage wherever its commandos are engaged to combat[22]. The case in point is the way NSGs operations at Nariman House were broadcast live. Questions were raised over the way Havaldar Gajender Singh fell to a terrorists bullet at Nariman House. As per the narration of incidents by an NSG commando â€Å"TV broadcasted our commandoes landing from a helicopter on the roof over Nariman House. By the time our men landed and started taking positions, the terrorists were already waiting for us and opened fire[23]†. In contrast the operations at Oberoi could be conducted more smoothly since TV channels were kept beyond a one-kilometer radius[24]. This zone was put under virtual curfew with no access allowed to television crews. The operations there took the least time, just under 30 hours, as compared to the other two places. As per NSG officials while terrorists holed up inside probably did not have access to live TV images on the second and third day of operations, they still had phones and were probably getting â€Å"instructions† from people watching those live images on TV. The media in turn can question the NSG that was there any spokesman of NSG to guide the media? The media showed what they saw. Can you blame them for showing what was happening? [1] Gulf War Was A Perfect Television War http://www.ukessays.com/essays/media/gulf-war-was-a-perfect-television-war-media-essay.php> [2] Young and Jesser, Loc cit, pp 280-281 [3] Ibid, pp 176 [4] Ibid [5] Ibid, pp189 [6] Ibid [7] Ibid [8] Aradhana Sharma, Journalism in Democracies during times of war: Examining the Role of Indian and US Media, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi 2010 [9]The CNN Effect: Strategic Enabler or Operational Risk? Margaret H. Belknap http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/02autumn/belknap.htm [10] Brig VK Nair,VSM,Retd. War in the Gulf: Lessons For The Third World, Lancer Papers, pp 106. [11] Ibid [12] Vice Admiral J Metcalfe, The Press and the Grenada 1983, Franc Cass Co. Ltd, London pp 168 [13] Operation Vijay 1999 Victory Over Pak Treachery Col J P Singh, Retd News Bharti English 25 Jul 2014 [14] Kargil War –Wikipedia, online http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kargil_war. [15] Kargil War –Wikipedia, online http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kargil_war [16] Ibid. [17] Ibid. [18] Aradhana Sharma, Journalism in Democracies during times of war: Examining the Role of Indian and US Media, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi 2010 [19]Article titled The Significance of the Kargil Crisis pp18-19, RAND Publications http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1450/MR1450.ch2.pdf [20] Ibid [21] Rahul K Bhonsle, Mumbai 26/11- Security Imperatives for the Future, New Delhi Vij Books (India) Pvt Ltd pp 50-51 [22] Media has Blood of NSG Commandoes http://nomadmolouges.blogspot.in/2008/12/media-has-blood-of-nsg-commando.html> [23] Ibid [24] Indian Media And War Maturity Essay http://www.ukessays.com/essays/media/indian-media-and-war-maturity-media-essay.php>

Electrolysis :: Papers

In chemistry, the production of chemical changes by passing an electric current through a solution or molten salt (the electrolyte), resulting in the migration of ions to the electrodes: positive ions (cations) to the negative electrode (cathode) and negative ions (anions) to the positive electrode (anode). During electrolysis, the ions react with the electrode, either receiving or giving up electrons. The resultant atoms may be liberated as a gas, or deposited as a solid on the electrode, in amounts that are proportional to the amount of current passed, as discovered by English chemist Michael Faraday. For instance, when acidified water is electrolysed, hydrogen ions (H+) at the cathode receive electrons to form hydrogen gas; hydroxide ions (OH-) at the anode give up electrons to form oxygen gas and water. One application of electrolysis is electroplating, in which a solution of a salt, such as silver nitrate (AgNO3), is used and the object to be plated acts as the negative electrode, thus attracting silver ions (Ag+). Electrolysis is used in many industrial processes, such as coating metals for vehicles and ships, and refining bauxite into aluminium; it also forms the basis of a number of electrochemical analytical techniques, such as polarography. Faraday's laws ============== Three laws of electromagnetic induction, and two laws of electrolysis, all proposed originally by English scientist Michael Faraday: Induction (1) a changing magnetic field induces an electromagnetic force In a conductor; (2) the electromagnetic force is proportional to the rate of change of the field; (3) the direction of the induced electromagnetic force depends on the orientation of the field. Electrolysis (1) the amount of chemical change during electrolysis is proportional to the charge passing through the liquid; (2) the amount of chemical change produced in a substance by a given amount of electricity is proportional to the electrochemical equivalent of that substance. Faraday's constant ================== Constant (symbol F) representing the electric charge carried on one mole of electrons.

Midterm 2 with Solutions Econ311

Intermediate Macroeconomics 311 (Professor Gordon) Final Examination Fall, 2009 YOUR NAME:________________________________ INSTRUCTIONS 1. The exam lasts 2 hours. 2. The exam is worth 120 points in total: 30 points for the multiple choice questions, 60 points for the analytical questions, and 30 points for the essays. 3. Write your answers to Part A (the multiple choice section) in the blanks on page 1.You won’t get credit for circled answers in the multiple choice section. 4. Place all of your answers for part B in the space provided. 5. You must show your work for part B questions. 6. Write your essays with a pen. Write clearly! 7. Good Luck and Happy Holidays! PART A (45 points) Choose the ONE alternative that BEST completes the statement or answers the question. Your answers must be in the space provided below. USE CAPITAL LETTERS. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PART B (45 points) Please show your wor k and write down the formulas you use for partial credit. Question 1 (5 points) (a) What monthly rate of inflation causes the price level to increase by a factor of 5 (500 percentage points) over a year? (2 points) (HINT: Use the LN and EXP formulas from Chapter 9, Problem 2, further examples of which were presented in lecture on November 11). Using the log formula: p = 100*log(5)/12 = 13. 4%. b) If the rate of monthly inflation is 25%, by what factor would prices have risen over a year? (3 points) Let’s call the initial price level P0 and the price level at the end of the year P12 25 = 100*log(P12/P0)/12 P12/P0 = exp(25*12/100) = 20. Question 2 (10 points) Consider an economy where inflation expectations are given by the equation pet = . 4 pt-1 + . 6 pet-1 . Also assume that when the log of the output ratio increases by 1 points, inflation increases by 4 points. a) Write down the SP equation, both its general form and its specific form with these particular parameter assumpt ions inserted. (2 points) pt = pet + gYt-1 + zt = . 4pt-1 + . 6pet-1 + 4Yt-1 + zt ) Write down the DG equation (no need to derive anything, just write it down). (1 point) Y = Y-1 + [pic] – p c) Combine the SP and DG equations to express p as a function of pt-1, pet-1, Yt-1,[pic]t, and zt. (2 points) (HINT: Your answer must have p on the left side of the equation and terms not including current p on the right side, with all the relevant parameters inserted and solved out. ) p = 0. 4p-1 + 0. 6pe-1 + 4Y + z = 0. 4p-1 + 0. 6pe-1 + 4(Y-1 + [pic] – p) + z 5p = 0. 4p-1 + 0. 6pe-1 + 4Y-1 + 4[pic] + z p = 0. 08p-1 + 0. 12pe-1 + 0. 8Y-1 + 0. 8[pic] + z For the remainder of the problem, assume that in period t=1 the economy has values given by: p0 = 3pe0 = 3Y0 = 0 ) Suppose there is no supply shock in period 1 (z1 = 0) and that [pic]1 = 5. Solve for period 1 values p1 and Y1. (2 points) p1 = 0. 08(3) + 0. 12(3) + 0. 8(0) + 0. 8(5) + 0 = 4. 6 Y1 = 0 + 5 – 4. 6 = 0. 4 e) Sup pose instead that there is a period 1 supply shock that increases the value of z from 0 in period 0 to 1 in period 1. Find the period 1 values p1,[pic]1 and Y1 as well as the expected period 2 inflation, pe2, if the government adopts an accommodating policy. (3 points) Accommodating Policy means Y1 = 0, so from the DG equation p1 =[pic]1 and from the SP equation: p1 = . 4(3) + . 6(3) + 4(0) + 1 = 4 = [pic]1 pe2 = . 4(4) + . 6(3) = 3. 4 Question 3 (15 points)Consider a country whose Central Bank issued 100$ of High-Powered Money (H). Citizens' cash holdings (dollar bills) amount to 10% (. 1) of their deposits while each commercial bank has to have reserves for 15% (. 15) of the volume of deposits. a) What is the level of deposits? (2 points) D = H/(c+e) = 100/(. 1+. 15) = 400 b) What is the level of the Money Supply defined as dollar bills and deposits? (3 points) M = (1+c)D = 1. 1*400 = 440 c) Suppose the Central Bank wants to increase Money Supply to 528. How many extra units of Hi gh-Powered Money do they have to circulate? (4 points) M = (1+c) H / (c+e) 528 = 1. 1 H / . 25 H = 120 So they should print 20 extra units of H ) Assume now that the Central Bank still wants to set the Money Supply to 528 but the Government forbids them from printing High-Powered Money. What option is left to the Central Bank? (Hint: restrict your attention to this simplified model where there is nothing like direct lending or any other exotic policy) (2 points) Change the reserve requirement e) Given your suggested policy, which of the parameters of the model would they be changing? To which new value? (Remember that here H=100 and cannot be changed by assumption and M=528) (4 points) M=(1+c) H / (c+e) 528=1. 1 * 100 / (. 1 + e) e=. 1083 = 10. 8% Question 4 (15 points) Consider two nations, Richland and Poorland.Both nations have the same Cobb-Douglass production function, Y=AKbN(1-b). Let Poorland have an economy with technology level A=18, capital elasticity of production b=(1/3) , population growth rate n=. 13, capital depreciation rate d=. 07, and savings rate s=. 3 a) Rewrite the production function as a function relating Y/N and K/N. (2 points) Y/N = A(K/N)b = 2(K/N)(1/3) b) Solve for the steady state values of the capital-labor ratio (K/N) and per-capita GDP (Y/N). (6 points) s(Y/N) = (n+d)(K/N) sA(K/N)b = (n+d)(K/N) (K/N) = [sA/(n+d)]1/(1-b) (K/N) = [. 1*18 /(. 2)]3/2=27 (Y/N) = (n+d)(K/N)/s (Y/N) = (. 2)(27)/. 1=54 c) Richland has a per-capita GDP that is triple that of Poorland. Given hat Richland has the same production function as Poorland, the capital-labor ratio in Richland is what multiple of the capital-labor ratio in Poorland? (In other words, if Poorland has a capital-labor ratio of K/N= x and Richland has a ratio of K/N= y, what is y/x? ). (3 points) [pic] d) Compute the marginal products of capital in the two nations. (3 points) MPK = b(Y/N)/(K/N) MPKA = (1/3)(54)/(27)=2/3=. 6667 MPKb = (1/3)(162)/(729)=2/81=. 0247 e) Judging from your answ er in part (d), does the Solow model predict that poor countries have a higher or lower rate of return on capital? (1 point) The Solow model predicts a higher rate of return for poor countries.This is one of the critiques of the Solow growth model. PART C (30 points) WRITE YOUR NAME AND ID NUMBER ON YOUR BLUE BOOK. As stated on the syllabus (p. 3) and in numerous in-class and e-mailed reminders, you must write your answers in pen not pencil. This is a single multi-part essay question. You should write in your blue book for 30 minutes. 1. Write a coherent essay on the causes of the 2008-09 recession and on the policy responses to this event. Your essay should cover the following specific points a. First, establish the facts. What were similarities in the duration and magnitude of the 2001 recession and subsequent recovery as compared to the 2008-09 recession and recovery so far?Include comments on GDP, the GDP gap, labor market variables, and any other distinguishing features of thes e two episodes. b. What were the most important causes of the 2008-09 recession? Include comments on which causes were the same as in the 2001 recession, and which were different. c. In what sense, if any, did monetary or fiscal policy partially contribute to the causes of the 2008-09 recession? d. Evaluate the response of monetary policy since early 2008. What were the similarities and differences between this response and the monetary policy response to postwar recessions in 2001 and earlier? What aspects would you praise or criticize? e.Evaluate the response of fiscal policy since early 2008. What aspects would you praise or criticize? Multiple Choice Questions Make sure to write you answers on the blanks on page 1! 1. The current account includes all of the following except: A) net exports B) net income from abroad C) net unilateral transfers D) foreign direct investment 2. In what way was the international economy cited as a source of the U. S. housing bubble in 2003-06? A) che aper prices of imported building materials B) support of dollar by foreign central banks C) immigration of skilled foreign construction workers D) high pay of top executives of foreign investment banks 3.Which of the following were not cited in the course as a reason for France and other European nations to be reluctant to endorse an Obama-like fiscal stimulus for their own countries? A) high unemployment in Europe B) low fiscal multipliers C) social welfare system D) unemployment insurance system 4. Suppose we have an economy in which G = 1100, t = 0. 26, Y = 3800, and YN = 4000. At Y the difference between the actual deficit and structural deficit is A) 60. B) 112. C) -172. D) -112. E) 52. 5. The failure of U. S. net exports to improve dramatically in the mid 1980? s despite the weakening of the dollar suggests that A) U. S. industries supply of competitive goods was inelastic over the period.B) LDC debt repayment schedules and lack of financing kept U. S. exports low. C) NCIs mai ntained fixed exchange rates vis a vis the dollar and U. S. exports low. D) All of the above. 6. In the reading period assignments from the Economist, the United States is faulted relative to Europe and Japan for each of the following reasons except: A) labor and capital markets B) primary and secondary education C) personal saving rate D) infrastructure 7. In the reading period article about France, the French are praised for each of the following reasons except A) infrastructure B) household debt C) output growth rate D) medical care system 8. The mechanism of ? international crowding-out? s that a government budget deficit ________ the domestic interest rate, which makes the dollar ________ expensive for foreigners, which then ________ net exports. A) raises, less, lowers B) raises, less, raises C) raises, more, lowers D) lowers, less, lowers E) lowers, more, raises 9. Which of the following effects takes place as a result of automatic stabilization? A) extra tax revenues are gen erated in a boom. B) tax revenues remain constant during a recession. C) leakages increase during a recession, helping to stimulate the economy. D) Both A and C are correct. 10. If the Federal Reserve intervenes in the foreign-exchange markets and buys foreign currencies A) the U. S. oney supply rises and foreign currencies depreciate. B) the U. S. money supply falls and foreign currencies depreciate. C) the U. S. money supply rises and foreign currencies appreciate. D) the U. S. money supply falls and foreign currencies appreciate. 11. Activists-believe that AD is unstable because A) business and consumer attitudes and expectations shift. B) monetary policy is variable. C) fiscal policy effects are unpredictable. D) Both B and C are correct. 12. Assuming constant wages implies that A) an increase in the price of goods raises profits and SAS is vertical. B) a decrease in the price of goods lowers profits and SAS is horizontal.C) an increase in the price of goods lowers profits and S AS is vertical. D) an increase in the price of goods raises profits and SAS is positively sloped. [pic] 13. Consider the above figure with equilibrium initially at E0. If the money supply is increased and prices are flexible, in the short run prices and output will ___. In the long run output and prices will ___. A) be as at E2; return to E0. B) be as at E1; be as at E2. C) be as at E2; be as at E3 D) be as at E2; be as at E1. E) be as at E1; be as at E3. 14. According to the readings, a common feature of the Great Depression and the recent economic crisis was A) mortgage credit B) deposit insurance C) unemployment rate D) monetary policy 15.The sources of the current problems of running monetary policy are often cited as A) Quantitative easing B) Zero lower bound C) Excess bank reserves D) A) and B) E) B) and C) 16. An acceleration of nominal GDP growth from, say 4% to 6% will A) permanently raise the rate of inflation. B) temporarily lower the rate of inflation. C) leave real GDP unaffected in the long run. D) Both A and C. 17. The short-run Phillips Curve gives A) the actual short-run level of real GDP and inflation. B) all possible combinations of real GDP and inflation, for a given set of expectations. C) all possible combinations of real GDP and inflation, for fully adjusted expectations. D) the response of real GDP and inflation to supply shocks. 18.The Fed is criticized for the â€Å"one-way option† regarding asset bubbles. The criticism is that the Fed __________ when asset prices increase and __________ when asset prices decrease A) raises interest rates; lowers interest rates B) leaves interest rates unchanged; leaves interest rates unchanged C) raises interest rates; leaves interest rates unchanged D) leaves interest rates unchanged; lowers interest rates E) lowers interest rates; raises interest rates 19. Which of the following was not a source of the Great Moderation, according to the textbook? A) growth rate rule for money supply B) finan cial deregulation in late 1970s, early 1980sC) magnitude of supply shocks after early 1980s D) government military spending 20. In the short-run, the impact of an adverse supply shock is to A) reduce real GDP and leave the inflation rate unchanged if the growth of nominal GDP remains the same. B) reduce real GDP and leave the inflation rate unchanged if the growth of nominal GDP is reduced enough. C) maintain the same level of real GDP and reduce the inflation rate if the growth if nominal GDP is increased enough. D) All of the above. 21. According to the textbook, the main losers due to the redistributive effect of the postwar inflation in the United States were A) households. B) corporations. C) government. D) A) and B) 22. Disgruntled? workers who quit their jobs to find ? a more reasonable boss? are experiencing A) involuntary unemployment. B) mismatch unemployment. C) cyclical unemployment. D) turnover unemployment. 23. Policy solutions to mismatch unemployment include A) fisca l policies to raise the AD curve B) monetary policies to raise the AD curve C) policies other than fiscal and monetary policies D) accommodative policies to deal with supply shocks 24. Over a year, the money supply in a nation grew by 6 percent, while velocity rose by 2 percent and real GDP rose by 3 percent. This results in an inflation over the year of ________ percent. A) 5 B) 11 C) 1D) 7 25. The the Fed’s quantitative easing after mid-2008 is not described by A) increased open-market purchases of Treasury securities B) increased open-market purchases of private securities C) increased open-market purchases of corporate stock D) A) and B) E) A) and C) 26. Which of the following increased by the largest percentage between mid-2007 and mid-2009? A) excess bank reserves B) M2 C) high-powered money D) total bank reserves E) M1 [pic] 27. Initially, the economy is at point G in the figure above. An increase in per capita savings from s0 to s1 will in the short run result in ____ ____ and in the long run result in ________.A) excess per capita saving; more rapid growth in per capita output B) excess per capita saving; less rapid growth in per capita output C) more rapid growth in per capita output; more rapid growth in per capita output D) more rapid growth in per capita output; no change in the long run rate of growth in per capita output 28. Which of the following will not affect steady state per capita income in the Solow growth theory? A) The savings rate. B) The initial capital stock. C) The population growth rate. D) The production function. 29. The Solow growth model predicts that nations that are initially poor should have A) slower growth rates than nations that are rich. B) faster growth rates than nations that are rich. C) growth rates equal to those of nations that are rich. D) negative growth rates. 30.Two readings in the course packet for Chapter 11 cite a particular technological innovation for improved economic growth in poor tropical countri es. This is: A) television B) internet C) mobile phones D) new drugs to fight malaria 31. Several structural changes that occurred over the past two decades were a theme of lectures. Which of the following was not one of these changes? A) greater importance of structural unemployment and less importance of frictional unemployment B) smaller response of core inflation to oil price shocks C) larger decline of employment to declines in output in recessions D) larger increase of productivity to increase in output in recoveries E) More reliance on wage flexibility rather than layoffs in 2008-09 recession 32.In the Cobb-Douglas production function Y=AKbL1-b, the variable A has several different names. Which of the following is not one of them? A) autonomous growth factor. B) infrastructure. C) multifactor productivity. D) residual. 33. The formula for the growth rate of multifactor productivity is: A) a = y + bk + (1 – b)n. B) y = a + bk + bn. C) a = y – bk – (1 †“ b)n. D) y = a – b/k(1 – b)n. 34. Which of the following does not affect multifactor productivity? A) a tax on low-efficiency firms B) a higher saving rate C) Environmental regulation. D) Technological progress. 35. Relative growth rates of the standard of living in the United States and Europe indicate that workers in ________ have chosen to ? spend? _______ of their higher productivity on leisure rather than on consumption of market goods and services. A) Europe, a significant part B) the United States, a significant part C) Europe, almost none D) the United States, almost all 36. Which of the following would cause labor? s share of national income to decrease? A) Labor productivity increases less rapidly than the real wage rate. B) Labor productivity increases more rapidly than the real wage rate. C) Labor productivity has increased at the same rate as the real wage rate. D) Labor? s share of national income is not affected by the relative growth rates of labor p roductivity and the real wage rate. 37.Once monetary policy is dedicated to controlling the level of nominal GDP, then fiscal policy can be used to A) choose the overall level of interest rates, with a high budget surplus implying a high level of interest rates. B) choose the overall level of interest rates, with a high budget deficit implying a high level of interest rates. C) control the rate of inflation, with a high budget surplus implying a faster rate of inflation. D) control the rate of inflation, with a high budget deficit implying a faster rate of inflation. 38. A major side-effect of a stimulative fiscal policy is that it will A) discriminate in favor of housing. B) crowd out private expenditures.C) increase the natural rate of unemployment. D) permanently raise the rate of inflation. 39. Which of the following was a policy of Roosevelt’s New Deal which is not a part of the Obama stimulus package? A) tax reductions B) infrastructure improvements C) Direct interventi on to stop financial institutions from failing D) Federal government direct hiring of the unemployed 40. The Barro-Ricardo Equivalence Theorem assumes all of the following except: A) Individuals value the welfare of their heirs as much as their own welfare. B) Interest rates will remain constant. C) All individuals have children D) Markets for consumer housing and durable goods are perfect. 41.Which of the following will cause the date that the Social Security trust fund runs out of money to be pushed further into the future? A) A decrease in the rate of real GDP growth. B) An increase in the population growth rate. C) A decrease in the growth of the real wage. D) All of the above. 42. A fixed money-supply rule will have the greatest stabilizing effect on output when A) money demand is unstable and commodity demand is stable. B) both money and commodity demand are unstable. C) both money demand and commodity demand are stable. D) the velocity of money is unstable. 43. M1 is a defini tion of money largely confined to which function(s) of money? A) unit of account B) store of valueC) medium of exchange D) B and C. 44. In the empirical validation of the theory of the political business cycle discussed in lecture, which of the following variables measured over the year before the election has been the best predictor of the outcomes of presidential elections? A) the unemployment rate B) the inflation rate C) the growth rate of per capita real GDP D) the level of the federal government fiscal deficit 45. In the empirical validation of the theory of the political business cycle discussed in lecture, which of the following elections is a clear outlier as violating that empirical evidence? A) 1932 B) 1936 C) 1972 D) 1992 E) 2000