Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Prevention Strategies

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Prevention Strategies Until the 1990s, STDs were commonly known as venereal diseases: Veneris is the Latin genitive form of the name Venus, the Roman goddess of love. Social disease was another euphemism. Public health officials originally introduced the term sexually transmitted infection, which clinicians are increasingly using alongside the term sexually transmitted disease in order to distinguish it from the former. According to the Ethiopian Aids Resource Center FAQ, Sometimes the terms STI and STD are used interchangeably. This can be confusing and not always accurate, so it helps first to understand the difference between infection and disease. Infection simply means that a germ-virus, bacteria, or parasite-that can cause disease or sickness is present inside a persons body. An infected person does not necessarily have any symptoms or signs that the virus or bacteria is actually hurting his or her body; they do not necessarily feel sick. A disease means that the infection is actually causing the in fected person to feel sick, or to notice something is wrong. For this reason, the term STI which refers to infection with any germ that can cause an STD, even if the infected person has no symptoms-is a much broader term than STD. The distinction being made, however, is closer to that between a colonization snd an infection, rather than between an infection and a disease. Specifically, the term STD refers only to infections that are causing symptoms. Because most of the time people do not know that they are infected with an STD until they start showing symptoms of disease, most people use the term STD, even though the term STI is also appropriate in many cases. Moreover, the term sexually transmissible disease is sometimes used since it is less restrictive in consideration of other factors or means of transmission. For instance, meningitis is transmissible by means of sexual contact but is not labeled as an STI because sexual contact is not the primary vector for the pathogens that cause meningitis. This discrepancy is addressed by the probability of infection by means other than sexual contact. In general, an STI is an infection that has a negligible probability of transmission by means other than sexual contact, but has a realistic means of transmission by sexual contact (more sophisticated means-blood transfusion, sharing of hypodermic needles-are not taken into account). Thus, one may presume that, if a person is infected with an STI, e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, it was transmitted to him/her by means of sexual contact. The diseases on this list are most commonly transmitted solely by sexual activity. Many infectious diseases, including the common cold, influenza, pneumonia, and most others that are transmitted person-to-person can also be transmitted during sexual contact, if one person is infected, due to the close contact involved. However, even though these diseases may be transmitted during sex, they are not considered STDs. Primary STD Bacterial Chancroid Granuloma inguinale or (Klebsiella granulomati) Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) Fungal Tinea cruris, jock itch, may be sexually transmitted. Candidiasis, yeast infection Viral Viral hepatitis (Hepatitis B virus)-saliva, venereal fluids. (Note: Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E are transmitted via the fecal-oral route; Hepatitis C (liver cancer) is rarely sexually transmittable and the route of transmission of Hepatitis D (only if infected with B) is uncertain, but may include sexual transmission.) Herpes simplex (Herpes simplex virus 1, 2) skin and mucosal, transmissible with or without visible blisters HIV/ AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)- venereal flu. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)- skin and mucosal contact. High risk types of HPV are known to cause most types of cervical cancer, as well as well as anal, penile and genital warts.. Molluscum contagiosum (molluscum contagiosum virus MCV)-close contact Parasites Crab louse, colloquially known as crabs or pubic lice (Phthirius pubis) Scabies (Sarcoptes scabi) Protozoal Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis) Sexually transmissible enteric infections Bacterial Shigella Campylobacter Salmonella Viral Hepatitis A Protozoan (parasitic) Giardia Cryptosporidiosis Above pathogens are transmitted by sexual practices that promote anal-oral contamination (fecal-oral). Sharing sex toys without washing or multiple partnered barebacking can promote anal-anal contamination. Although the bacterial pathogens may coexist with or cause proctitis, they usually produce symptoms (diarrhea, fever, bloating, nausea, and abdominal pain) suggesting disease more proximal in the GI tract. These diseases can cause various forms of cancer long term, malnutrition, and weight loss. For immuno-compromised individuals (such as with HIV), these infections can often cause severe weight loss, weakness, and death. Cryptosporidium is the organism most commonly isolated in HIV positive patients presenting with diarrhea. Pathophysiology Many STDs are (more easily) transmitted through the mucous membranes of the penis, vulva, rectum, urinary tract and (less often-depending on type of infection) the mouth, throat, respiratory tract and eyes. The visible membrane covering the head of the penis is a mucous membrane, though it produces no mucus (similar to the lips of the mouth). Mucous membranes differ from skin in that they allow certain pathogens into the body. Pathogens are also able to pass through breaks or abrasions of the skin, even minute ones. The shaft of the penis is particularly susceptible due to the friction caused during penetrative sex. The primary sources of infection in ascending order are venereal fluids, saliva, mucosal or skin (particularly the penis), infections may also be transmitted from feces, urine and sweat. The amount required to cause infection varies with each pathogen but is always less than you can see with the naked eye. This is one reason that the probability of transmitting many infections is far higher from sex than by more casual means of transmission, such as non-sexual contact-touching, hugging, shaking hands-but it is not the only reason. Although mucous membranes exist in the mouth as in the genitals, many STIs seem to be easier to transmit through oral sex than through deep kissing. According to a safe sex chart, many infections that are easily transmitted from the mouth to the genitals or from the genitals to the mouth, are much harder to transmit from one mouth to another. With HIV, genital fluids happen to contain much more of the pathogen than saliva. Some infections labeled as STIs can be transmitted by direct skin contact. Herpes simplex and HPV are both examples. KSHV, on the other hand, may be transmitted by deep-kissing but also when saliva is used as a sexual lubricant. Depending on the STD, a person may still be able to spread the infection if no signs of disease are present. For example, a person is much more likely to spread herpes infection when blisters are present (STD) than when they are absent (STI). However, a person can spread HIV infection (STI) at any time, even if he/she has not developed symptoms of AIDS (STD). All sexual behaviors that involve contact with the bodily fluids of another person should be considered to contain some risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Most attention has focused on controlling HIV, which causes AIDS, but each STD presents a different situation. As may be noted from the name, sexually transmitted diseases are transmitted from one person to another by certain sexual activities rather than being actually caused by those sexual activities. Bacteria, funia, protozoa or viruses are still the causative agents. It is not possible to catch any sexually transmitted disease from a sexual activity with a person who is not carrying a disease; conversely, a person who has an STD got it from contact (sexual or otherwise) with someone who had it, or his/her bodily fluids. Some STDs such as HIV can be transmitted from mother to child either during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Although the likelihood of transmitting various diseases by various sexual activities varies a great deal, in general, all sexual activities between two (or more) people should be considered as being a two-way route for the transmission of STDs, i.e., giving or receiving are both risky although receiving carries a higher risk. Healthcare professionals suggest safer sex, such as the use of condoms, as the most reliable way of decreasing the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases during sexual activity, but safer sex should by no means be considered an absolute safeguard. The transfer of and exposure to bodily fluids, such as blood transfusions and other blood products, sharing injection needles, needle-stick injuries (when medical staff are inadvertently jabbed or pricked with needles during medical procedures), sharing tattoo needles, and childbirth are other avenues of transmission. These different means put certain groups, such as medical workers, and haemophiliacs and drug users, particularly at risk. Recent epidemiological studies have investigated the networks that are defined by sexual relationships between individuals, and discovered that the properties of sexual networks are crucial to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. In particular, assortative mixing between people with large numbers of sexual partners seems to be an important factor. It is possible to be an asymptomatic carrier of sexually transmitted diseases. In particular, sexually transmitted diseases in women often cause the serious condition of pelvic inflammatory disease. Prevention Main article: Safe sex Prevention is key in addressing incurable STIs, such as HIV herpes. The most effective way to prevent sexual transmission of STIs is to avoid contact of body parts or fluids which can lead to transfer with an infected partner. No contact minimizes risk. Not all sexual activities involve contact: cybersex, phonesex or masturbation from a distance are methods of avoiding contact. Proper use of condoms reduces contact and risk. Although a condom is effective in limiting exposure, some disease transmission may occur even with a condom. Ideally, both partners should get tested for STIs before initiating sexual contact, or before resuming contact if a partner engaged in contact with someone else. Many infections are not detectable immediately after exposure, so enough time must be allowed between possible exposures and testing for the tests to be accurate. Certain STIs, particularly certain persistent viruses like HPV, may be impossible to detect with current medical procedures. Many diseases that establish permanent infections can so occupy the immune system that other diseases become more easily transmitted. The innate immune system led by defensins against HIV can prevent transmission of HIV when viral counts are very low, but if busy with other viruses or overwhelmed, HIV can establish itself. Certain viral STIs also greatly increase the risk of death for HIV infected patients. Vaccines Vaccines are available that protect against some viral STIs, such as Hepatitis B and some types of HPV. Vaccination before initiation of sexual contact is advised to assure maximal protection. Condoms Condoms only provide protection when used properly as a barrier, and only to and from the area that it covers. Uncovered areas are still susceptible to many STDs. In the case of HIV, sexual transmission routes almost always involve the penis, as HIV cannot spread through unbroken skin, thus properly shielding the insertive penis with a properly worn condom from the vagina and anus effectively stops HIV transmission. An infected fluid to broken skin borne direct transmission of HIV would not be considered sexually transmitted, but can still theoretically occur during sexual contact, this can be avoided simply by not engaging in sexual contact when having open bleeding wounds. Other STDs, even viral infections, can be prevented with the use of latex condoms as a barrier. Some microorganisms and viruses are small enough to pass through the pores in natural skin condoms, but are still too large to pass through latex condoms. Proper usage entails: Not putting the condom on too tight at the end, and leaving 1.5 cm (3/4 inch) room at the tip for ejaculation. Putting the condom on snug can and often does lead to failure. Wearing a condom too loose can defeat the barrier. Avoiding inverting, spilling a condom once worn, whether it has ejaculate in it or not, even for a second. Avoiding condoms made of substances other than latex or polyurethane, as they dont protect against HIV. Avoiding the use of oil based lubricants (or anything with oil in it) with latex condoms, as oil can eat holes into them. Using flavored condoms for oral sex only, as the sugar in the flavoring can lead to yeast infections if used to penetrate. Not following the first five guidelines above perpetuates the common misconception that condoms arent tested or designed properly. In order to best protect oneself and the partner from STIs, the old condom and its contents should be assumed to be still infectious. Therefore the old condom must be properly disposed of. A new condom should be used for each act of intercourse, as multiple usage increases the chance of breakage, defeating the primary purpose as a barrier

Freedom of speech :: essays research papers

Do Americans take the First Amendment for granted, or use it, as a clutch to say what they feel is appropriate. The First Amendment states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. (Siegel 3) But what is Freedom of Speech? It is our ability to say what we want, when we want and to whom we want? But there are even restrictions on what we want to say for example a person cannot yell fire in a crowded movie theater. Like all situations there will be persons to disagree? The past presidential election put the nation in an uproar, as do all elections. But, non as controversial as this one. In this election the issues that were addressed split the county in two, half of the country having liberal views and the other half having conservative views. That was mainly the focus of the entire campaign. What is being liberal or being conservative? Liberals favor gradual reform, especially political reforms that extend democracy, distribute wealth more evenly, and protect the personal freedom of the individual. On the other end of the spectrum, conservatives are in favor of preserving the status quo and traditional values and customs, and against abrupt change(msn. Encarta) This seems to make Americans look weak to the rest of the world. That we don’t even have a common ground on the issues of the nation . This great nation that is seen as the mother country to the rest of the world is spilt right down the middle with labels that divide people. And that’s where it really gets ugly. Will Americans ever put these labels aside and come together so that America can be a better place to live? By being a graduating senior looking at the nation as either being liberal or conservative has made me really take a look at myself and my beliefs on the issues .

Benefits of Volunteering Abroad

The Benefits of Doing Volunteer Work Abroad Being a volunteer abroad does not give you monetary compensation for the time spent working. However, the time spent on volunteering abroad can improve the community and the world at large. The unselfish work that you do has innumerable benefits – for both oneself and others. Although you may not receive a fat cheque for the effort that you put in undertaking volunteer work aboard, there are many indirect benefits volunteering for work abroad. Here are some of the benefits of doing volunteer work abroad In everyday life you experience situations that call for your help. A passion to help others can be fulfilled by volunteering for work abroad. Committing your time and energy to the cause that you care about will bring you immense satisfaction. Improving Your Skills There are two things which are important in every individual's life: a) Change and improvement in one's skill b) Sharing the skills, knowledge and experience with others When you do volunteer work abroad you get a chance to do both. Each person that you interact with when you volunteer has some skill and knowledge to impart. You get to learn more and more things about the issue that you support. You can get an opportunity to practice the new skills that you learned while volunteering. Also, you get an opportunity to pass on the knowledge that you have. The satisfaction of sharing your knowledge with co-volunteers and children can be rewarding. 1 / 3 The Benefits of Doing Volunteer Work Abroad Make New Friends You can make many new friends when you do volunteer work abroad. The volunteers and employees of non-profit organisations are often some of the kindest people you can meet. These people are always ready to help, no matter what the problem. These people are unselfish and live in the hardest of conditions to make the world a better place. They are the best people you will come across, so make sure you value your friendship with them. You also get to meet people from diverse backgrounds that you may never get an opportunity to meet in your daily life. Feeling good about helping others Have you ever given a meal to a stranger or helped someone who is sick? If you haven't, then I suggest you give it a try. If you have helped someone, then you know how it feels to help others without expecting anything in return. You get the same feeling when volunteering abroad for a cause that you care about. You will feel good when you help someone. Over time, you will realise that you are addicted to helping others and you want to devote as much time as possible to helping others. Make a Difference The fact that you can make a difference in someone else's life will give you immense satisfaction. Volunteering aboard will give you an opportunity to help others. Putting in time and effort will help in: a) Making a difference in someone else's life b) Making the community and world at large a better place to live in. This effort that you put in will have a long-lasting impact on the community. 2 / 3 The Benefits of Doing Volunteer Work Abroad Confidence Building When you volunteer for work abroad you face many new challenges. These challenges help in developing your skills and improving your self-confidence. Also, you have so many people to help you that you learn a lot from them. These experiences will help you to deal with difficult situations in everyday life. So, volunteer for cause that you believe and help improve yourself – and the world. 3 / 3

The Assassination of Jfk and His Accomplishments While He...

The Assassination of JFK and his Accomplishments while he was in Office. The assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy remains a mystery to this day. Some argue that there is more than one shooter, I personally agree with this theory. Although his presidency was very short, he made great strides in giving the people what he promised. He most likely would have helped America in more ways than one and it would have been great to have seen what he would have accomplished. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas at the Daeley Plaza. On November 24, 1963 a man named Jack Ruby shot and killed Oswald while Oswald was being transported to another jail. Oswald was the only known person who†¦show more content†¦He was in the marines so he had a great deal of skill in handling guns. He wanted to live in Russia, but he could not get his visa. When he lived in Dallas, Texas he openly expressed his views of communism by handing out leaflets. His views greatly conflicted with the views of Kennedy. For less th an six months he worked for the Texas School Depository which is located near Daeley Plaza. The theory is the Oswald shot Kennedy from the sixth floor of the Depository and hid the gun there. When the gun was found and examined later, Oswald palm print was found on the barrel on the gun (Salisbury,1964). During all the chaos Oswald went home to get a pistol. He then returned to the Depository where he shot Officer Tippet when the officer approached to question him. He was arrested for killing Officer Tippet and it was not until later JFK 5 that he was linked to the assassination of Kennedy. He claimed he was innocent on the accounts of shooting both President Kennedy and Officer Tippet. On November 24, 1963 Oswald was shot and killed by Jack Ruby. There are theories that Ruby shot Oswald because Ruby didn’t want Oswald selling him out if they were accomplices in the assassination (IMDb.com, Inc., 2008). There are witnesses that can testify that they saw a man fire a weapon from the sixth floor of the Depository. Eye witness Howard L. Brennan claimed that he saw a man in leaning out of a window on the sixthShow MoreRelatedConspiracy Theories Surrounding The Assessination of John F. Kennedy1743 Words   |  7 Pagesout more than others. The first being the JFK conspiracy theory, second is the moon landing conspiracy, and last the Illuminati. The John F. Kennedy assassination is and always will be one of the most controversial topics of all time. Perhaps the world will never know what was behind the fateful events of John F. Kennedy’s assassination on November 22, 1961. Many different groups have generated various theories as to the culprits behind the JFK assassination. Each grouping would claim to have theRead MoreJfk : The Assassination Of President Kennedy1448 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Essay July 26, 2016 JFK On November 22, 1963 national tragedy struck America after the catastrophic death of the thirty-fifth president of the United States, John F. Kennedy. Kennedy arrived in Dallas with his wife, Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy, by his side and rode in a convertible limousine behind John and Nellie Connolly through Dealy Plaza. When the motorcade took way through downtown Dallas, shots were fired at president Kennedy soon killing him. The assassination of president John F. KennedyRead MoreLife And Death Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesfamous life. In his life he batted many deaths and illnesses. He was in the navy, in congress, the Senate of the United States, and the 35th President. Even though most people think Mr. Kennedy lived a very easy and flowing life, they are all wrong. He struggled through life, but never let its show through to many people. While he struggled through all of his illnesses and witnessed so many dying he still made everyone think his life was perfect. You will soon find out everything was not so great forRead MoreThe Legacy of John F. Kennedy Essay2477 Words   |  10 Pagesthan I can† (â€Å"John F. Kennedy† BrainyQuote.com). Kennedy was a young and fresh political figure at the time of his election in 1960. The thirty-fifth president of the United States was born May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was the youngest president ever, as well as the first and only Roman Catholic president (Bass, et al.). His presidency was shortened by an assassin on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Kennedy preceded his presidency with a term in the U.S. House of RepresentativesRead MoreBrief Summary of John F. Kennedy ´s Life1017 Words   |  5 PagesKennedy very prosperous leader was his speeches that he gave to the american people and to the world trying to make the world a much higher quality place to live. He also asked the american people â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.† John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Ma. He was born into a very wealthy family the Fitzgerald and the Kennedy’s, both were prominent Irish Catholic families. JFK was the second oldest out of 9 siblingsRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy’s Assassination2266 Words   |  10 Pagessince the assassination of John F. Kennedy and still it is one of the most talked about assassinations of all time. â€Å"JFK was assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas† (â€Å"The White House†). John and his wife, Jacqueline, were riding in an open top car down the streets of Dealey Plaza when the President John Kennedy was shot and killed. This event traumatized many Americans, â€Å"Over 66% of people in America believe that the assassination was part of a larger conspiracy while only 25%Read MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1879 Words   |  8 PagesJohnson, political speech â€Å"Let Us Continue† he gave horrific news stating t hat the President of the United State of America which was John F. Kennedy has been assassinated. Lyndon’s purpose of the speech was comfort America after the death of John F. Kennedy and also to insure America that with this horrific tragedy that America has to go through he will continue the act of the forward thrust of America that John F. Kennedy had begun to do while he was in was the President. Also Johnson ensures AmericaRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Speech871 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"John F. Kennedy was elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States. At 43-years-old JFK became the youngest man and the first Roman Catholic to hold that office.† President John F. Kennedy gave his inaugural address on Friday, January 20, 1961. In his speech he addresses many issues faced by society during that time, as well as today. Kennedy expresses his presidential intentions by saying â€Å"Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear anyRead More The Political Legacy of President John F. Kennedy Essay examples1626 Words   |  7 PagesKennedy. Could it be his charisma and charm that still entrances America? Maybe it is his elevated status as a pop culture icon that bedazzles most American citizens. It might be the martyr status he attained through his tragic assassination that makes American culture revere him as a President. Whatever the reason is that defines John F. Kennedy as probably one of the m ost beloved Presidents in American History; one assumption by many is that it has nothing to do with his political legacy. ManyRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Essay examples2430 Words   |  10 PagesKennedy was the president of the United States. He was also the youngest president and the first Roman Catholic. Although he was only in power for 2 years and 10 months his legacy still lives on today, through books, images, buildings and numerous conspiracy theories. American society over the years has portrayed him as an American Hero fighting for peace and justice. The media have cultivating this image of, â€Å"The Camelot legend.† After his assassination

Guion Guy Bluford First African American In Space

Americas first African-American in space brought out crowds of people to watch as he embarked on a history-making flight to space on August 30, 1983. Guion Guy Bluford, Jr. often told people he didnt join NASA just to become the first black man to fly to orbit, but of course, that was part of his story. While it was a personal and social milestone, Bluford had in mind to be the best aerospace engineer he could be. His Air Force career gained him many hours of flight time, and his subsequent time at NASA took him to space four times, working with advanced systems on each trip. Bluford eventually retired to a career in aerospace that he still pursues. The Early Years Guion Guy Bluford, Jr. was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 22, 1942. His mother Lolita  was a special education teacher and his father, Guion Sr. was a mechanical engineer. TheBlufords encouraged all four of their sons to work hard and set their goals high.   Guion Blufords Education Guion  attended Overbrook Senior High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hes been described as shy in his youth. While there, a school counselor encouraged him to learn a trade, since he was not college material. Unlike other young African-American men of his time who were given similar advice, Guy ignored it and forged his own path. He graduated in 1960 and went on to excel in college. He received a bachelor of science degree in aerospace engineering from the Pennsylvania State University in 1964. He enrolled in ROTC and attended flight school. He earned his wings in 1966. Assigned to the 557th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam, Guion Bluford flew 144 combat missions, 65 over North Vietnam. After his service, Guy spent five years as a flight instructor at Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas. Returning to school, Guion Bluford earned a master of science degree with distinction in aerospace engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1974, followed by a doctor of philosophy in aerospace engineering with a minor in laser physics from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1978. Guion Blufords Experience as an Astronaut That year, he learned he was the 35 astronaut candidates selected from a field of more  10,000 applicants. He entered NASAs training program and became an astronaut in August 1979. He was in the same astronaut class as Ron McNair, the African-American astronaut who died in the Challenger explosion and Fred Gregory, who went on to become a NASA Deputy Administrator.   Guys first mission was STS-8 aboard the space shuttle Challenger, which launched from Kennedy Space Center on Aug. 30, 1983. This was Challenger’s third flight but the first mission with a night launch and night landing. It was also the eighth flight of any space shuttle, making it still very much a test flight for the program. With that flight, Guy became the countrys first African-American astronaut. After 98 orbits, the shuttle landed at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. on Sept. 5, 1983. Col. Bluford served on three more shuttle mission during his NASA career; STS 61-A (also aboard the Challenger, just months before its disastrous end), STS-39 (aboard Discovery), and STS-53 (also aboard Discovery). His primary role on the trips to space was as a mission specialist, working on satellite deployment, science and classified military experiments and payloads, and taking part in other aspects of the flights.   During his years at NASA, Guy continued his education, earning a masters in business administration from the University of Houston, Clear Lake, in 1987. Bluford retired from NASA and the Air Force in 1993. He now serves as vice president and general manager of the Science and Engineering Group, Aerospace Sector of Federal Data Corporation in Maryland. Bluford has received many medals, awards, and accolades, and was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1997. He is registered as a distinguished alumnus of Penn State University ​and was made a member of the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame (in Florida) in 2010. He has spoken before many groups, especially young people, where he serves as a great role model for young men and women wishing to pursue careers in aerospace, science, and technology. At various times, Bluford  has pointed out that he felt great responsibility during his Air Force and NASA years of being an important role model, especially for othe r African-American youth. On a lighter note, Guy Bluford made a Hollywood appearance in a cameo during a music track for the movie Men in Black, II.  Ã‚   Guy married Linda Tull in 1964. They have 2 children: Guion III and James.

The Deal Made Between The Devil And Dr. Faustus Was Sprouted

The deal made between the devil and Dr. Faustus was sprouted by Faustus’ inability to believe God loved him and his rejection of all Christian values. Faustus assumes he can control the devil, but no one can resist being corrupted by the devil and the powers he has. Although Faustus had numerous opportunities to turn back and seek redemption, he was dominated by his desire to know and learn beyond his boundaries. The deal truly isn’t beneficial for Faustus after considering the exact nature of their agreement and he was cautioned against the bargain, showing him the fate that a deal with the devil will never get you the rewards you’re looking for. While Faustus had many important goals he would achieve with magical powers, his deal with†¦show more content†¦While Faustus demands power, Mephostophilis is miserable in hell and wants Faustus s soul where the two make an unfair bargain. Before Doctor Faustus writes the contract for the deal, in his own blood , Mephostophilis gives him his last chance to change his mind, which is when Faustus decides to continue with the deal. After the contract is written, Faustus asks Mephostophilis to bring him a wife, wealth and super powers. While Faustus believes that Mephostophilis will be his servant for the next 24 years before selling his soul, it soon becomes known that it is Faustus who is the servant to Lucifer and his devil friends. Faustus believes that he will come out on top in the deal even if it means eternal punishment in the end. He puts his temporary pleasures before his fate which shows how impatient and unhappy he really is. Even when God reaches out to Faustus through the ‘Good Angel’, Faustus puts all his trust into Lucifer. He says, â€Å"When Mephostophilis shall stand by me, What God can hurt thee, Faustus? Thou art safe† (Act 1 Scene 5. Lines 24-25). Faustus clearly does not value his own soul and does not reflect on why the devil would want it. Dr. Faustus is deceived about what making a deal with the devil will encompass. He tells Mephostophilis, â€Å"Had I as many souls as there be stars, I’d give them all for Mephostophilis. By him I’ll be great emperor of the world† (Act 1 Scene 3. Lines 101-103). When

Resistance to Change Implementation Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Resistance to Change Implementation. Answer: Introduction: Change management is the most popular topic that is debatable these days. This is because bringing change and managing the same is very difficult for the managers of the organisations. One of the major reasons for this difficulty is resistance to change (Hayes, 2014). This is the essay that discusses about the resistance that obstructs the change implementation in the organisation. It also focuses on understanding the managers perspective regarding this problem so that various strategies can be made by the managers to overcome the problem. The later part of the essay is about power and resistance concept followed with ethical issues related to the same. What is resistance to change? Resistance to change can be defined as the action which is the response of the unwanted change experienced by any of the individual. It is generally the response when the change that is coming is perceived to be as the threat. Changes need to be implemented now and then because of the requirement of the market and to bring innovation in the companys processes (Doppelt, 2017). The change in the company affects its employees and their working environment. This may be one of the reasons why the employees resist the changes in the organisation. When any of the change is being implemented, the employees have to adapt those changes and also have to develop new skills which may reduce their efficiency to perform (Lozano, 2013). There are many cause of resistance to change by the individuals at the workplace. One of the causes is reluctance to lose control. Most of the leaders or the employees at the workplace resist the changes because they think that the changes that occur in the organisat ion can take away the control they have on their working style. Another reason for resistance of change by the employees at the organisation is cognitive rigidity. The people who are rigid and are close minded does not like to deal with the changes. It is the non-willingness of the people regarding the changes that has been implemented in the organisation. Other researchers suggest that change is the stressor and most of the people in the organisation perceive change as the activity that can put stress on the employees. This is the psychology of the people that controls their mind to neglect the changes occurred in the organisation also restrict them to participate in the change management process conducted in the organisations (Hanif, Khan Zaheer, 2014). Apple is the company that has brought many changes in its company but all the changes were successful. This is because of the right strategy to implement the changes. Apple usually believes in involving its employees to share thei r views in the decision making process. This helps the company to reduce resistance from the side of employees. Resistance to change as the problem for managers: It has been said that change is not the issue but resistance to change is the major problem for the managers. It has been analysed that when any of the change needs to be implemented in the organisation, it affects every single associated elements of the company (Cameron Green, 2015). One of those elements is the employees. it is very easy to bring the change the organisation by implementing the same with the particular standard process but if the implementation process have to face the resistance from one or the other elements of the organisation. Employees generally resist the change at the organisations because of the various reasons discussed above. The major issue at this time is to manage the same. This is because resistance to change results in managerial problems. One of the major problems that develop because of resistance to change is employee turnover. If the employees are not happy with the change that has been implemented than it may be possible that the employees leave job, as it becomes difficult for them to work in the company (Cronin McGuinness, 2014). This is because they are very much familiar with the environment and changes in that environment can affect their work. It also affects the job satisfaction of the employees working there. Managers have to implement new strategies to convince the employees to adapt those changes and also needs to conduct training and development session to build confidence in the employees to accept the changes. Identifying the reason behind the change is also a very big managerial issue. Different employees may have different reasons to resist the changes (Hon, Bloom Crant, 2014). Thus, identifying those reasons and making strategies to overcome the same is also a big challenge for the managers. It becomes very time consuming for the managers to deal with resistance to change by the employees. There are some other elements that can also resist the changes in the organisations such as shareholders, clients; pa rtner etc. managing all the stakeholders at the same time and convince them to support the change implementation in the organisation is the challenging task to perform. Power and resistance: Change that needs to be implemented in the organisation is influenced by many institutional powers. With the great influence of globalisation on the companies, it has been analysed that the levels of management is eliminated and organisations are becoming flattened. Thus, in organisational change process the power remains in the hands of top management people, change managers, consultants, employees and other interest groups (Starr, 2011). These groups have to perform the role of influencers who have to manage the change process in the organisations. It has been analysed that when the concept of power is integrated with the organisational change, it may lead to resistance very easily, this is because it involve power of one interest group over another (Waddell, Creed, Cummings Worley, 2013). This means that if the change is because of the power of the top management people, them the employees at the lower level or the managers can resist the changes and if the changes are under the control of the managers than other interest groups can resist the change. This is a very big issue at the time of making changes in the organisations (Burnes, 2015). There are different types of power that are there in the organisations that can generate different types of resistance. Position power is one of the forms of power that is because of the hierarchical structure of the company. The use of power in this sense results in domination. Actions taken by other interest groups against the position power leads to resistance and also results in illegitimate behaviour that is against organisational interests. Personal power is another form of power that can be used to bring changes in the organisation. It has been analysed that this follows the expert model of power to influence others (Roseneil, 2016). The expert of a particular field brings the change in the organisation and this leads to resistance by the line managers. In this case, resistance can be maintained or reduced by rop er communication of the vision behind the change. Another form of power that exists in the organisation is structural power.it is the power that is distributed all over the organisations in different departments. Every department has the power and the level of power changes as per the project on which they are working. It has been analysed that the influence in this case if from the department in high level of power at that time to the other departments. This generates conflicting resistance by other department of the organisation. It has been analysed that this resistance is the most important one to be reduced as this generates high conflicts in the organisation. Ethics in power and resistance: It has been analysed that when power come into the way of bringing change in the organisation, it has been realised that most of the conflicts arise in the company and affect the working environment of the company in negative way (Burnes, 2009). Many ethical issues like disrespecting of other people, ignorance of emotional view of the employees etc. develops in the organisation due to dominance of power at the time of implementing change in the company. Ethics has taken the central point of giving a thought because it is the major concern of the society and the organisations these days. When the change is being implemented in the organisation, it is not just the organisation that is affected by the change but it is whole society that experiences its impact. As far as ethics in the organisation is considered, it has been analysed that the major issue that generates is by the employees (Sonenshein, 2009). The employees have to face many challenges when the company has to develop or imp lement any kind of change in the company. Employees resist the changes when the change is not found to be in their benefits. There are many other stakeholders that can also raise questions on the power of top management people to bring the changes. Thus it is required to consider all at the time of making any kind of change. Another major ethical issue is the society issues. It is required to being the change in the manner that does not affect the society in negative way. The strategies that the company will use to make the changes should be ethical enough. As far as Apple is considered, it is the company hat uses the ethical approach of involving all the stakeholders at the time of making decision of brining any change in the company so that they can create the win-win situation for all. Managerial implications on effective change management: Managers play a major role at the time of making and implementing change in the company. Effective change management is required to be conducted s that the predicted results of change can be achieved. It has been analysed that Kurt-Lewin approach of managing change is being used by many of the companies including Apple to make changes so that effective results can be reached. It has been analysed that this approach can helps in bringing change in the company (Burnes, 2017). Following are the elements of Kurt Lewin change management theory: Unfreezing: Unfreezing is the approach in which the employees of the company unlearn the things that they have already learnt before and were working on that. This makes them raw and it becomes easy for them to learn new things (Cummings, Bridgman Brown, 2016). Transition: It is the crucial state where the actual change has been implemented. It has been analysed that it is the stage where the company trains the employees about the new things and the changes that needs to be implemented (Hussain, Lei, Akram, Haider, Hussain, Ali, 2016). Freezing: It is the stage where the employees have to start working as per the new guidelines and processes. It is time till when the employees get familiar with the new processes. Conclusion: It has been concluded from the report that change management is the crucial function in the organisation and requires effective managerial skills to conduct the same. It has ben analyse that change is not the problem for the company but the factors that resists those changes is the big issue. Resistance to change can be defined as the action which is the response of the unwanted change experienced by any of the individual. employees are one of the biggest factor that resist the changes in the organisation as their have to make so much of efforts in learning new skills and developing their knowledge as per the change. Identifying the reason behind the change is also a very big managerial issue. Different employees may have different reasons to resist the changes. Thus, identifying those reasons and making strategies to overcome the same is also a big challenge for the managers. Power and resistance is also an important element of resistance to change which needs to be managed in ethic al way to bring effective changes. Kurt Lewin approach is found to be the best approach in order to bring changes in the company. References: Burnes, B. (2009). Reflections: Ethics and organizational changeTime for a return to Lewinian values.Journal of Change Management,9(4), 359-381. 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